Z-scan measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of graphene

Zhang, Han; Virally, Stéphane; Bao, Qiaoliang; Lin, Ping; Massar, Serge; Godbout, Nicolas; Kockaert, Pascal

doi:10.1364/ol.37.001856

Cited by 613 publications

(428 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…At first, the transmission was 61% for the probe light, but it increased to 78% when the pump and probe pulses overlapped, which indicates that the transparency window has a blue-shift resulting from the negative nonlinear refractive index of the multilayer-graphene micro-sheet/ZnO nanoparticle layer and the monolayer graphene/polycrystalline ITO layer. 35,36 This is confirmed by the calculated transmission spectrum (Figure 4f) of the metasurface sample under the excitation of a 1.5 kW cm 22 pump laser. Thus, a tunable wavelength range of up to 120 nm was realized for MIT.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The effective refractive index of the multilayer-graphene micro-sheet/ZnO nanoparticle layer and the monolayer graphene/polycrystalline ITO layer was decreased, resulting from the optical Kerr effect under the excitation of the pump laser. 35,36 Accordingly, the plasmonic modes provided by the gold nanoprism dimers have a blue-shift, and the transparency window has a blue-shift. To further verify the measured time delay, we calculated the transmission spectrum of the metasurface sample under different pump intensities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An actively ultrafast tunable giant slow-light effect in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces

Shi

et al. 2015

Light Sci Appl

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A slow-light effect based on metamaterial-induced transparency (MIT) possesses great practical applications for integrated photonic devices. However, to date, only very weak slow-light effects have been obtained in metamaterials because of the intrinsic loss of metal. Moreover, no active control of slow-light has been achieved in metamaterials. Here, we report the realization of a giant slow-light effect on an ultrathin metasurface that consists of periodic arrays of gold nanoprism dimers with a thickness of 40 nm sandwiched between a multilayer-graphene micro-sheet/zinc oxide nanoparticle layer and a monolayer graphene/polycrystalline indium tin oxide layer. The strong field confinement of the plasmonic modes associated with the MIT ensures a tremendous reduction in the group velocity around the transparency window. A group index of more than 4 3 10 3 is achieved, which is one order of magnitude greater than that of previous reports. A large tunable wavelength range of 120 nm is achieved around the center of the transparency window when the pump light intensity is only 1.5 kW cm 22 . The response time is as fast as 42.3 ps. These results demonstrate the potential for the realization of various functional integrated photonic devices based on metasurfaces, such as all-optical buffers and all-optical switches. INTRODUCTIONThe slow-light effect plays an essential role in the field of nonlinear optics. Typical materials that have been used to achieve the slow-light effect include photonic crystals, optical fibers, and optical microcavities. [1][2][3][4][5] Recently, the slow-light effect has been realized based on metamaterial-induced transparency (MIT). 6-11 However, only a small group index of 100 was obtained in photonic metamaterials because of the relatively large intrinsic loss of metal. 6-11 Moreover, various functional integrated photonic devices, including ultrafast all-optical buffers and all-optical switches, require ultrafast control of the slow-light effect. Photonic metasurfaces offer a variety of opportunities to control light using flat and surface components and have attracted wide attention for their great practical applications in the field, such as optical computing, optical communications, and integrated photonic circuits. [12][13][14][15][16][17] To date, no ultrafast active control of the slow-light effect in metamaterials has been reported.In this letter, we report the realization of an ultrafast all-optical tunable giant slow-light effect in an ultrathin metasurface. The metasurface consists of periodic arrays of gold nanoprism dimers sandwiched between a multilayer-graphene micro-sheet/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle layer and a monolayer graphene/polycrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) layer. The strong field confinement of the plasmonic modes associated with the MIT ensures a large reduction in the group velocity in the transparency window. The enhanced nonlinearity brought about by the quantum confinement (QC) effect provided by the ZnO nanoparticles and polycrystalline ITO nanograins, hot...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An actively ultrafast tunable giant slow-light effect in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces

Shi

et al. 2015

Light Sci Appl

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“…Owing to its gapless, linear charge-carrier dispersion relation [3,4], graphene is capable of relatively strong, broadband coupling with light [5,6], and offers a large electrically-tunable optical response [7]. Valence and conduction electrons in this material present a uniform velocity that clearly emphasizes their anharmonic response to external fields, which has stimulated considerable interest in the graphene nonlinear optical properties [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Further motivation to study optical nonlinearities in monolayer graphene is provided by the availability of interband optical transitions within a continuous range of low photon energies, accompanied by a high electrical mobility [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Effects in the Nonlinear Response of Graphene Plasmons

2016

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The ability of graphene to support long-lived, electrically tunable plasmons that interact strongly with light, combined with its highly nonlinear optical response, has generated great expectations for application of the atomically-thin material to nanophotonic devices. These expectations are mainly reinforced by classical analyses performed using the response derived from extended graphene, neglecting finite-size and nonlocal effects that become important when the carbon layer is structured on the nanometer scale in actual device designs. Here we show that finite-size effects produce large contributions that increase the nonlinear response of nanostructured graphene to significantly higher levels than those predicted by classical theories. We base our analysis on a quantum-mechanical description of graphene using tight-binding electronic states combined with the random-phase approximation. While classical and quantum descriptions agree well for the linear response when either the plasmon energy is below the Fermi energy or the size of the structure exceeds a few tens of nanometers, this is not always the case for the nonlinear response, and in particular, third-order Kerr-type nonlinearities are generally underestimated by the classical theory. Our results reveal the complex quantum nature of the optical response in nanostructured graphene, while further supporting the exceptional potential of this material for nonlinear nanophotonic devices.

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“…It has been indicated [12] that the nonlinear response of graphene is essentially dispersionless over the wavelength and much stronger compared to bulk semiconductors. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the nonlinear refractive index of graphene is as n 2 ≈ 10 ⁻7 cm 2 W ⁻1 [13] using the Z-scan technique. After that, optical bistability, self-induced regenerative oscillations, and four-wave mixing (FWM) have been consecutively observed in graphene-silicon hybrid optoelectronic devices [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-Enhanced Optical Signal Processing

Wang¹,

Hu²

2017

Graphene Materials - Advanced Applications

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Graphene has emerged as an attractive material for a myriad of optoelectronic applications due to its variety of remarkable optical, electronic, thermal and mechanical properties. So far, the main focus has been on graphene based photonics and optoelectronics devices. Due to the linear band structure allowing interband optical transitions at all photon energies, graphene has remarkably large third-order optical susceptibility χ (3) , which is only weakly dependent on the wavelength in the near-infrared frequency range. Graphene possesses the properties of the enhancement four-wave mixing (FWM) of conversion efficiency. So, we believe that the potential applications of graphene also lies in nonlinear optical signal processing, where the combination of its unique large χ (3) nonlinearities and dispersionless over the wavelength can be fully exploited. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of our recent progress in graphene-assisted nonlinear optical device which is graphene-coated optical fiber and graphene-silicon microring resonator and their applications, including degenerate FWM based tunable wavelength conversion of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal, two-input optical computing, three-input high-base optical computing, graphene-silicon microring resonator enhanced nonlinear optical device for on-chip optical signal processing, and nonlinearity enhanced graphenesilicon microring for selective conversion of flexible grid multi-channel multi-level signal.

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Z-scan measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of graphene

Cited by 613 publications

References 16 publications

An actively ultrafast tunable giant slow-light effect in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces

An actively ultrafast tunable giant slow-light effect in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces

Quantum Effects in the Nonlinear Response of Graphene Plasmons

Graphene-Enhanced Optical Signal Processing

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