Yutu-2 Radar Sounding Evidence of a Buried Crater at Chang’E-4 Landing Site

Zhou, Haoqiu; Feng, Xuan; Ding, Chunyu; Dong, Zejun; Liu, Cai; Zhang, Yan; Meng, Zhiguo

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3090528

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…where m and n denote the vertical and horizontal size of the matrix. The larger IE value indicates the greater interference of noises [25]. In this text, the IE values before and after denoising are 4.79 × 10 4 and 4.73 × 10 4 within 5-11.5 ns, and 3.81 × 10 4 and 3.14 × 10 4 within 15-22 ns.…”

Section: Extract Effective Reflection Signal Based On 2d-pcamentioning

confidence: 65%

Water Ice Detection Research in Utopia Planitia Based on Simulation of Mars Rover Full-Polarimetric Subsurface Penetrating Radar

et al. 2021

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The probe of China’s first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, has been successfully launched. It will carry out scientific exploration on the topography, soil characteristics, water ice, climate, ionosphere, and physical fields of Mars. Different from other rovers landing on the moon and Mars, the Zhurong rover is equipped with a full polarimetric subsurface penetrating radar (FP-SPR) system for the first time. The radar’s mission is to depict the shallow subsurface structure of Mars and search for possible water ice. Therefore, in this paper, a 3D realistic structure model is established and numerically simulated based on the possible subsurface structure of Utopia Planitia (the landing area). Influencing factors such as topographical fluctuations, rocks, water ice, and the variation of dielectric constant of different layers are added to the model. The analysis of the acquired FP-SPR data set shows that the two-dimensional principal component analysis (2D-PCA) method can extract effective reflected signals from the radar data with noise interference and improve the data quality. These clearly imaged targets may be water ice blocks, so the application of 2D-PCA to FP-SPR data increases the imaging quality of suspected water ice targets. The results of this paper are the basis for future processing of the measured FP-SPR data on Mars, which will help to identify more details of subsurface structures.

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Section: Extract Effective Reflection Signal Based On 2d-pcamentioning

confidence: 65%

Water Ice Detection Research in Utopia Planitia Based on Simulation of Mars Rover Full-Polarimetric Subsurface Penetrating Radar

et al. 2021

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“…Regions 12 and 13 are two separated areas of concentrated rocks; different strengths of surface‐like scatterings indicate smaller rock sizes and higher regolith maturity in region 13. Besides, region 14 has been interpreted as a buried crater with large quantities of rocks (Lai, Cui, et al., 2021; Zhang, Xu et al., 2021; Zhou, Feng, Ding, et al., 2021), presenting the minimum of regolith maturity along the Yutu‐2 route. The regolith below 12 m depth also shows horizontal heterogeneity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These impacting events resulted in the undulation and discontinuity of the lunar surface. Today, we can only recognize the largest crater from the LPR radargram located at ∼170–290 m on the Yutu‐2 route (Zhang, Xu et al., 2021; Zhou, Feng, Ding, et al., 2021). However, the heterogeneous rock sizes and maturities of the rest regions (0–170 m and 290–370 m) probably indicate other craters that have degraded. Stage (b and c): erosion and small‐scale impactions constantly modified the lunar surface and the coarse ejecta layer was probably grained during this stage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other studies, the LPR data are applied to the analysis of subsurface properties and rock quantity in the regolith (Dong et al., 2020; Lai et al., 2021a, 2021b; Zhang, Xu et al., 2021; Zhou, Feng, Ding, et al., 2021). However, the rock localization using LPR data mainly depends on the reflection signals from the subsurface and the results in previous works cannot determine whether these signals are from horizontally distributed rocks or continuous geological interfaces (Zhou, Feng, Ding, et al., 2021) because the regolith maturity over the full depth has not been obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneous Weathering Process of Lunar Regolith Revealed by Polarimetric Attributes Analysis of Chang’E‐4 Lunar Penetrating Radar Data Acquired During the Yutu‐2 Turnings

Zhou

Feng

Ding

et al. 2022

Geophysical Research Letters

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This paper provides analyses to quantify the maturity of regolith within 24 m depth using a novel polarimetric attributes analysis of lunar penetrating radar (LPR) data. The results demonstrate that LPR signals were mainly from subsurface rock fragments of different sizes and were rarely from strata interfaces. The averages and ranges of maturities for the near‐surface (0–2 m), the fine‐grained regolith (2–12 m), and the coarse‐grained ejecta (12–24 m) are 68.98% (0%–99.82%), 82.61% (41.52%–96.56%), and 72.33% (5.91%–96.66%), respectively. Local regions with anomalously low maturities on the lunar surface may be due to the dense materials formed by local impacts or the rock fragments from distal impacts; a newly discovered sandwich structure with low maturity at a depth between 12 and 18 m is formed by the heterogeneous weathering in a paleo‐crater. Based on these new insights, we infer a heterogeneous weathering process of the regolith.

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“…The interruption of the continuity is because of a bowl-shaped area marked by the black dotted line in Figure 9b. and Zhou et al (2021) believed that this area is a buried impact crater, and the continuous reflective interfaces were destroyed by the subsequent impact event [30,31]. The materials under the impact crater were mixed and are relatively uniform, so the loss tangent estimation model can be applied.…”

Section: The Geological History Of the Chang'e-4 Landing Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric Properties of Lunar Materials at the Chang’e-4 Landing Site

Lai

Cui

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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On January 3rd 2019, the Chang’e-4 mission successfully landed in the Von Kármán Crater inside the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin and achieved the first soft landing on the farside of the Moon. Lunar penetrating radar (LPR) equipped on the rover measured the shallow subsurface structure along the motion path for more than 700 m. LPR data could be used to obtain the dielectric properties of the materials beneath the exploration area, providing important clues as to the composition and source of the materials. Although the properties of the upper fine-grained regolith have been studied using various methods, the underlying coarse-grained materials still lack investigation. Therefore, this paper intends to estimate the loss tangent of the coarse-grained materials at depth ranges of ~12 and ~28 m. Stochastic media models with different rock distributions for the LPR finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation are built to evaluate the feasibility of the estimation method. Our results show that the average loss tangent value of coarse-grained materials is 0.0104±0.0027, and the abundance of FeOT+TiO2 is 20.08 wt.%, which is much higher than the overlying fine-grained regolith, indicating different sources.

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Yutu-2 Radar Sounding Evidence of a Buried Crater at Chang’E-4 Landing Site

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Water Ice Detection Research in Utopia Planitia Based on Simulation of Mars Rover Full-Polarimetric Subsurface Penetrating Radar

Water Ice Detection Research in Utopia Planitia Based on Simulation of Mars Rover Full-Polarimetric Subsurface Penetrating Radar

Heterogeneous Weathering Process of Lunar Regolith Revealed by Polarimetric Attributes Analysis of Chang’E‐4 Lunar Penetrating Radar Data Acquired During the Yutu‐2 Turnings

Dielectric Properties of Lunar Materials at the Chang’e-4 Landing Site

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