“…(1) reducing the relative amount of cobalt in the perovskite phase; (2) co-doping the material with less reducible ions, e.g. Zr 4+ [15,18,19,[39][40][41][42][43], Ga 3+ [21,48,49,52]; (3) adding a toughening material such as zirconia or alumina; (4) developing cobaltfree oxide membranes with sufficient oxygen permeation flux. We developed a membrane, BaCo 0.4 Fe 0.4 Zr 0.2 O 3)d , with low and co-doped with less reducible ion Zr 4+ [19].…”