Youth, poverty, and interpersonal violence: a recipe for PTSD

Lenart, Emily K; Bee, Tiffany K.; Seger, Catherine P; Lewis, Richard H.; Filiberto, Dina M.; Huang, Dih-Dih; Fischer, Peter; Croce, Martin A.; Fabian, Timothy C.; Magnotti, Louis J.

doi:10.1136/tsaco-2021-000710

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The lower scores of women with gPTSD or CB-PTSD could be due to risk factors in the development of these two mental health problems. Risk factors for developing gPTSD in the general population include young age [93], a low socioeconomic status [94], and a relatively short period of residence in the respective country also due to potentially traumatic experiences during immigration [95,96]. Young maternal age and low income are also considered to be risk factors for the development of CB-PTSD [19,97].…”

Section: Barriers To Help-seekingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access and Barriers to Treatment and Counseling for Postpartum Women With and Without Symptoms of (CB-)PTSD Within the Cross-Sectional Study INVITE

Jehn,

Seefeld,

Schellong

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Although childbirth is frequently described as a positive experience, the transition to parenthood can be challenging and many postpartum women suffer from mental health problems. Nevertheless, the utilization of treatment and counseling services remains low. To improve this, it is necessary to examine the likelihood of and barriers to help-seeking among postpartum women. There is a paucity of research on postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), that addresses these issues, especially when considering both types of postpartum PTSD, namely childbirth-related PTSD (CB-PTSD) and general PTSD (gPTSD). Thus, we examined differences in the likelihood of and barriers to help-seeking between postpartum women with CB-PTSD, gPTSD, and women who were not affected by clinically relevant symptoms of these two mental health problems. Methods Data from the cross-sectional study INVITE were used, consisting of n = 3,875 telephone interviews with women between 6 weeks and 6 months after childbirth. CB-PTSD was assessed using the City Birth Trauma Scale and gPTSD using a short version of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for DSM-5. Women were asked about their likelihood of and specific barriers to help-seeking through self-developed questionnaires. Analyses of covariance were conducted to examine group differences and multiple regression analyses to investigate associations between symptom severity and the likelihood of help-seeking. Results Groups did not differ in their likelihood of help-seeking. Additionally, the severity of the symptoms did not predict the likelihood of help-seeking. Post-hoc comparisons revealed more overall barriers among women with CB-PTSD compared to non-affected women. Concerning different types of barriers, women affected by CB-PTSD or gPTSD reported more instrumental barriers than non-affected women. More barriers related to fears about treatment and stigmatization were only reported by women with CB-PTSD compared to non-affected women but not by women with gPTSD. Significant associations with socio-demographic confounders were found in all analyses. Conclusions Reducing instrumental barriers, e.g. through outreach services or financial subsidies, seems to be key in order to improve access to services for postpartum women with CB-PTSD or gPTSD. Since women with CB-PTSD reported more fears about treatment and stigmatization, education about CB-PTSD among perinatal women and health professionals may also be important.

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Section: Barriers To Help-seekingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access and Barriers to Treatment and Counseling for Postpartum Women With and Without Symptoms of (CB-)PTSD Within the Cross-Sectional Study INVITE

Jehn,

Seefeld,

Schellong

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…For the other disorders, the level of consistency across the analyses and previous literature is much lower. The literature on the relationship between poverty and PTSD is very scarce, overall suggesting that low income and material hardship are associated with the development of PTSD among those exposed to traumatic events [86][87][88] . Moreover, in low-and middleincome countries, most people with PTSD do not access evidence-based treatment 89 .…”

Section: Other Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of poverty on mental illness: Emerging evidence of a causal relationship

Marchi,

Alkema,

Xia

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Introduction: The link between poverty and mental illness has sparked discussions about the role of poverty as a risk factor for mental health. If poverty is indeed confirmed as a causal factor for mental illness, it would have profound implications for our comprehension of mental well-being and guide efforts to address the growing occurrence of mental health disorders. Methods: Building on the recent breakthrough discovery of heritability of poverty traits and utilizing large-scale genome-wide association studies of mental illness, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) and Genomic structural equation modeling to investigate evidence of causality of the relationship between poverty and mental illness. We examined nine distinct mental disorders, namely attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anorexia nervosa (AN), anxiety disorders (ANX), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia (SZ). Joint measures of poverty derived from household income (HI), occupational income (OI), and social deprivation (SD) were examined while accounting for the influence of cognitive ability (CA). Results: Our analysis highlights HI as the most pertinent poverty measure when compared to OI and SD. Bidirectional MR investigations of the poverty common factor was consistent with the existing paradigm that mental illness leads to poverty. New was evidence that poverty increases the likelihood of developing ADHD (Inverse Variance Weighted Odds Ratio [IVW OR]=4.26[95%CI:3.42-5.29]), MDD (IVW OR=1.49[95%CI:1.29-1.72]), and SZ (IVW OR=1.53[95%CI:1.35-1.73]), while decreasing the risk of AN (IVW OR=0.50[95%CI:0.40-0.62]). This support for a causal relation held strong after adjusting for CA, albeit with reduced effect sizes. Conclusion: Our research indicates that poverty plays a causal role in the development of SZ, MDD, and ADHD, while resulted inversely associated to risk of AN. Notably, CA explains a significant portion of the impact of poverty, echoing prior reports highlighting the contribution of impaired cognitive function to severe mental illnesses. Given that income and education are malleable factors in the population, our study provides compelling evidence to examine income-based policies as a means of promoting better mental health outcomes in the population. This underscores the importance of developing targeted interventions that address the root causes of mental illness and advance health equity.

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“…After experiencing traumatic events, people who generate PTSD symptoms will suffer from tremendous economic pressures. According to the study by Lenart et al in 2021, the cost of healthcare during the recovery time of PTSD could be a financial burden for patients [20]. These patients might not able to work and especially for the impoverished family, this cost is undoubtedly aggravating the economic pressure on patients and their families.…”

Section: The Impact Of Poverty On Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These patients might not able to work and especially for the impoverished family, this cost is undoubtedly aggravating the economic pressure on patients and their families. These patients have inferior functional results, higher rates of chronic pain, and higher rates of substance abuse, all of which add to the already high expenditures on healthcare and the economy [20]. Another influence discussed by Lenart et al in 2021 is the personal cost, which is revealed in the decline of life's quality [20].…”

Section: The Impact Of Poverty On Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These patients have inferior functional results, higher rates of chronic pain, and higher rates of substance abuse, all of which add to the already high expenditures on healthcare and the economy [20]. Another influence discussed by Lenart et al in 2021 is the personal cost, which is revealed in the decline of life's quality [20]. During this difficult time of recovering from PTSD, a poor living environment might not provide timely and sufficient social support to help patients to get through this tough time.…”

Section: The Impact Of Poverty On Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Poverty on Mental Health and Interventions

Sun

2023

SHS Web Conf.

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It is well established that the link between mental illness and poverty is adverse. Consistent research has shown that individuals with low income have regularly been shown to be linked to an increased incidence of mental illness. Mental health is a significant part of one’s life because it can influence emotions, thoughts, and actions. The purpose of this research is to examine how poverty affects mental health and offer alternative interventions. Three mental illnesses—depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are reviewed in particular, and practical solutions from the perspectives of family, education, and public health are suggested. This research concludes that parenting is a major factor that causes depression and anxiety among children, poor parents with depressed or anxious symptoms also increase the risk of the mental disorder for their children. The poor relatively easier to encounter trauma and have a greater impact after trauma. Additionally, financial assistance from the government and competent policy is essential for providing effective interventions.

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Youth, poverty, and interpersonal violence: a recipe for PTSD

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Access and Barriers to Treatment and Counseling for Postpartum Women With and Without Symptoms of (CB-)PTSD Within the Cross-Sectional Study INVITE

Access and Barriers to Treatment and Counseling for Postpartum Women With and Without Symptoms of (CB-)PTSD Within the Cross-Sectional Study INVITE

The impact of poverty on mental illness: Emerging evidence of a causal relationship

The Effects of Poverty on Mental Health and Interventions

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