Young‐onset dementia diagnosis, management and care: a narrative review

Loi, Samantha M; Cations, Monica; Velakoulis, Dennis

doi:10.5694/mja2.51849

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…This is a 25-year longitudinal prospective cohort analysis of patients—who were referred by general practitioners, geriatricians, psychologists and neurologists—with the possible diagnosis of YOD: known as the ARTEMIS Project (JHC HREC: ARTEMIS 1406). Young onset dementia is defined as dementia with an onset prior to 65 years of age [ 4 – 6 ]. The ARTEMIS Project involves the assessment of these patients in community-based clinics—established by one of the authors—specialising in neurodegenerative disorders in young adults.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalography in young onset dementia

Brown

Chen²,

Panegyres

2023

BMC Neurol

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Background Young onset dementia (YOD) is a major diagnostic and management problem. Methods We set out to explore if electroencephalography (EEG) might be useful in the diagnosis of young onset Alzheimer’s disease (YOAD) and young onset frontotemporal dementia (YOFTD). The ARTEMIS project is a 25-year prospective study of YOD based in Perth, Western Australia. 231 participants were included: YOAD: n = 103, YOFTD: n = 28, controls: n = 100. EEGs were performed prospectively, with 30-minute recording time for each subject, without knowledge of diagnosis or other diagnostic data. Results 80.9% of patients with YOD had abnormal EEGs (P < 0.00001). Slow wave changes were more frequent in YOAD that YOFTD (P < 0.00001), but no difference in the frequency of epileptiform activity (P = 0.32), with 38.8% of YOAD and 28.6% of YOFTD patients having epileptiform activity. Slow wave changes were more generalized in YOAD (P = 0.001). Slow wave changes and epileptiform activity were not sensitive to the diagnosis of YOD, but highly specific (97–99%). The absence of slow wave changes and epileptiform activity had a 100% negative predictive value and likelihood radio 0.14 and 0.62 respectively, meaning that those without slow wave changes or epileptiform activity had low probability of having YOD. No relationship was established between EEG findings and the patient’s presenting problem. Eleven patients with YOAD developed seizures during the study, and only one with YOFTD. Conclusions The EEG is highly specific for the diagnosis of YOD with the absence of slow wave changes and epileptiform phenomena making the diagnosis unlikely, with 100% negative predictive value and with low probability for the dementia diagnosis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalography in young onset dementia

Brown

Chen²,

Panegyres

2023

BMC Neurol

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“…YOD accounts for approximately 5% of all dementia cases, with an estimated incidence of 119 cases per 100,000 individuals. 1 Common YOD causes include Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, whereas Alzheimer’s disease represents approximately 30%-40% of cases. 2 Research into YOD heritability underscores the role of polygenic risk scores, where a combination of genetic variants contributes to susceptibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young-onset dementia following chronic abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants

Alamri

2024

Pak J Med Sci

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Young-onset dementia (YOD) is influenced by various risk factors, including substance abuse. In this report, we present the case of a 54-year-old man who developed YOD following prolonged abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. The patient exhibited insidious cognitive decline over a three-year period before seeking medical attention. Neuroimaging revealed atrophy of the temporal lobe, suggesting a connection between amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and the cognitive abnormalities observed in the patient condition. Our case highlights the importance of considering amphetamine-type stimulants as potential risk factors for YOD and emphasizes the need to recognize cognitive impairment resulting from substance abuse. Additionally, we look into relevant literature to provide further context and insights. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.8737 How to cite this: Alamri SH. Young-onset dementia following chronic abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(4):779-781. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.8737 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…An estimated 3.9 million individuals worldwide are living with young-onset dementia (YOD) (Hendriks et al, 2021), which refers to individuals who are diagnosed with symptoms of dementia prior to the age of 65. The presentation and aetiology of YOD is more diverse than dementia that occurs in later life, which may explain why many people experience delays in receiving a diagnosis (Loi et al, 2023). The causes of YOD may include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease, frontal temporal dementia, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson disease dementia (Hendriks et al, 2021; Rossor et al, 2010) plus dementia that arises secondary to other factors such as to brain injury or alcohol use (Loi, et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact on employment and education of caregiving for a family member with young onset dementia: A scoping review

Kokorelias,

Nadesar,

Bak

et al. 2024

Dementia

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Young-onset dementia (YOD) affects individuals under 65 years of age, often leading to loss of employment and independence. Families provide increasing levels of care to family members with YOD, resulting in changes to their daily lives, including their occupational pursuits. This review examines evidence of the occupational implications for family members who provide care to a family with YOD to identify: (i) the influence and impact caregiving tasks and responsibilities have on employment, volunteering, and education, and (ii) caregiver, and caregiving situation factors associated with changes in employment, volunteering, and education. A scoping review was performed using eight electronic databases. Included articles were narratively synthesized using a thematic analysis. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for review. The over-arching (main) theme of ‘decision-making’ was identified, with family members required to make choices about their own occupational goals and roles to be able to provide care to family living with YOD. The outcomes of these decisions are dynamic and changeable across the caregiving trajectory. Three caregiving factors influence decision-making: (1) Implications of Combining Caregiving and Occupations, (2) Altered Identity (3) Strategies to Support Caregivers of Individuals Living with YOD. A fourth theme was also identified ‘Guidance for Researchers To Support Caregivers’. There is a scarce body of literature examining the influence caregiving has on occupational outcomes for the YOD caregiver population. Much of this work is descriptive and lacks focus on the implications, particularly long-term impacts. This review provides a foundational guide for future research and practices to support YOD family caregivers to obtain and sustain occupations.

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Young‐onset dementia diagnosis, management and care: a narrative review

Cited by 20 publications

References 89 publications

Electroencephalography in young onset dementia

Electroencephalography in young onset dementia

Young-onset dementia following chronic abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants

The impact on employment and education of caregiving for a family member with young onset dementia: A scoping review

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