Young Children of Affectively Ill Parents: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Development

Radke-Yarrow, Marian; Nottelmann, Editha D.; Martinez, Pedro E.; Fox, Mary Beth; Belmont, Barbara

doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00011

Cited by 176 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…24 Briefly, when the infants were 3 weeks old, an experienced clinician conducted interviews with the mother in the home, with the child present. Parenting risk was rated after the interview, using the 3-point PRS, 25 with scale points reflecting no adjustment problems, possible problems, and definite problems.…”

Section: Parenting Difficultiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parenting risk was rated after the interview, using the 3-point PRS, 25 with scale points reflecting no adjustment problems, possible problems, and definite problems. 24 The PRS had a broad scope, including evaluation of the parents' psychiatric history, emotional availability for the child, behavioral regulation strategies, knowledge base about infant care, and commitment to child care. Other psychosocial risk factors that were expected to have a negative impact on the relationship between the caregiver and the child were coded, including perinatal maternal depression, using the Perinatal Depression Scale 25 and the Quality of Relationship Scale.…”

Section: Parenting Difficultiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CPR ratings used a 3-point scale modeled after the PRS from infancy, with scale points reflecting no adjustment problems, possible problems, and definite problems. 24 Maternal depression was coded using a 5-point scale that focused on mothers' reports of depressive affect, together with any effects on daily functioning. Family Stress was coded using a 5-point scale that focused on parent reports of stressors, the related subjective experience, and an assessment of the impact on family life.…”

Section: Psychosocial Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onset and Persistence of Childhood Asthma: Predictors From Infancy

et al. 2001

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ABSTRACT.Objective. In a prospective study of children with a family history of asthma, asthma onset by 3 years of age was found previously to be positively associated with variables from the first year of life, including elevated total immunoglobulin E (IgE), frequent respiratory infections, and parenting difficulties. We followed this cohort of genetically at-risk children to investigate the relationship between factors assessed in infancy and asthma, allergy, and psychological status at school age.Methods. A cohort of 150 children who were at risk for developing asthma were identified prenatally on the basis of the mothers' having asthma. For 28 children, the father had asthma as well, putting them at bilateral genetic risk. Families primarily were middle and upper middle class Caucasians. Parents came to the clinic during the third trimester of pregnancy for assessments of medical and psychosocial functioning. A home visit took place when the infant was 3 weeks old, when parenting risk was assessed before the onset of any asthma symptoms. Parenting difficulties included problems with infant caregiving as well as components of maternal functioning, such as postpartum depression and inadequate marital support. Blood was drawn for serum IgE at 6 months of age. Parents and offspring subsequently came to the clinic multiple times, with the last clinic visit during the child's sixth year. Follow-up at age 6 involved a clinic visit for allergy and psychosocial evaluations, consisting of interviews and a behavior questionnaire. Seventy-seven children received the allergy and psychosocial evaluation, 26 received the psychosocial evaluation in the clinic, and 30 families received telephone interviews and mailed in questionnaires. Additional monitoring of families by telephone and mail was maintained over the next 2 years, until the children were 8, to ensure accurate characterization of the course of illness. Comprehensive medical records were obtained and reviewed for all health care contacts. Children were designated as having asthma when there was documentation in medical records of physician-diagnosed asthma, observed wheezing, and/or prescription of asthma medications during the time period when the child was between 6 and 8 years of age. Parental reports of the occurrence of asthma corroborated the medical record data.Results. Data regarding asthma status were available for 145 children through 8 years of age. Forty (28%) of the children manifested asthma between 6 and 8 years of age. Among variables previously reported to predict asthma onset by age 3, 3 proved to have significant univariate relationships with asthma between ages 6 and 8: elevated IgE levels measured when the children were 6 months of age, global ratings of parenting difficulties measured when infants were 3 weeks old, and higher numbers of respiratory infections in the first year of life. Among these offspring of mothers with asthma, paternal asthma showed a significant association with asthma between ages 6 and 8. Eczema in the first year was...

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Section: Parenting Difficultiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parenting Difficultiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psychosocial Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onset and Persistence of Childhood Asthma: Predictors From Infancy

et al. 2001

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“…Women's health conditions and behaviors may play such a mediating role. First, there is substantial evidence that maternal health conditions and behaviors influence a range of child health outcomes, including low birthweight, 10 behavior problems, [11][12][13] and asthma. 14,15 Second, women's health conditions have been clearly associated with SES.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intergenerational Health Disparities: Socioeconomic Status, Women's Health Conditions, and Child Behavior Problems

2005

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SYNOPSISObjective. Relatively little is known about the intergenerational mechanisms that lead to social disparities in child health. We examined whether the association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and child behavior problems is mediated by maternal health conditions and behavior.Methods. Prospective cohort data (1979-1998) on 2,677 children and their mothers were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. SES, the Child Behavior Problems Index (BPI), and maternal smoking, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use before, during, and after pregnancy were examined.Results. Lower income and lower maternal education were associated with increased child BPI scores. Adjustment for maternal smoking, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use attenuated the associations between SES and child BPI by 26% to 49%. These maternal health conditions often occurred together, persisted over time, and were associated with the mother's own childhood SES and pre-pregnancy health.Conclusions. Social disparities in women's health conditions may help shape the likelihood of behavior problems in the subsequent generation. Improved public health programs and services for disadvantaged women across the lifecourse may not only address their own urgent health needs, but reduce social disparities in the health and well-being of their children.

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“…The findings from the studies varied according to whether they were published prior to 1990, or they were recently published, when the concept of bipolar II became more prominent. Early studies found relatively low rates (5%) of disruptive behavior and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children of parents with bipolar (Akiskal et al, 1985;Klein, Depue, & Slater, 1985;Laroche et al, 1987;Radke-Yarrow, Nottelmann, Martinez, Fox, & Belmont, 1992). Similarly, reviews from this period concluded that symptoms of depression were the most prominent finding (Goodwin & Jamison, 2007;Lapalme, Hodgins, & LaRoche, 1997).…”

Section: Pediatric Bipolarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can a Diagnosis Be Epidemic, With Therapeutic Efforts the Catastrophe?

Littrell

2012

Ethical Hum Psychol Psychiatry

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The diagnosis of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (BSD) given for office visits has risen 40 fold for children and has risen dramatically for adults as well. Some of the growth may have been fueled by re-categorization of individuals who would previously have received diagnoses of major depression along with the widening of diagnostic criteria for BSD. Concomitant with the rise in BSD diagnoses, the number of adults and children receiving atypical antipsychotics has increased dramatically. Recent evidence finds that atypical antipsychotics cause considerable reduction in brain volume. It is thus imperative to ensure that those with diagnoses comprising BSD-Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Bipolar Not Otherwise specified (NOS)-actually share a common etiology and are being appropriately treated. This paper reviews the history, evidentiary support, and implications associated with the expansion of the Bipolar Spectrum. Can a Diagnosis Be Epidemic, with Therapeutic Efforts the Catastrophe?In the years from 1999 to 2003, the diagnosis of bipolar given in office visits has increased 40 fold for children. Bipolar Disorder diagnoses have increased during the same time period for adults as well rising from 4.77% of office visits to 6.28% of office visits (Moreno et al., 2007).Allen Frances (2009), the Chairperson of the DSM-IV, has suggested that the sharp rise in bipolar diagnoses is attributable to the manner in which criteria for the disorders were written-that it was an issue of taxonomy rather than epidemiology. Obviously, diagnostic criteria have profound implications for who is diagnosed, at what age, and whether they are treated with psychotropic medications. Because psychotropic medications carry substantial risks-if not guarantees-of side effects, those decisions must be judicious, and ever cognizant of Hippocrates' admonishment: First, do no harm. This review constitutes an audit of psychiatry's books, asking if they balance when the substantial risk of harm from such diagnoses and the regimen of medication they entail is taken fully into account. Creation of the Bipolar SpectrumOver the years, those behaviors categorized under the bipolar label have expanded greatly. In the DSM-II (Association, 1968), manic-depression, listed under the heading "affective psychoses", was the only bipolar type diagnosis. With subsequent editions of the DSM, new categories of affect perturbations were included in manuals. The DSM-III (Association, 1980) provided descriptions of the behaviors required to meet criteria for mixed and manic episodes. The DSM-III-R (Association, 1987) added criteria for hypomania (specified in the next paragraph). The literature recognized that some persons who had experienced an episode of depression did have periods when they were enthusiastic, energetic, and animated to the extent that they met criteria for hypomania. Kupfer, Carpenter, and Frank (1988) had argued that such individuals, who were labeled Bipolar II, should be viewed as experiencing a variant of major depression. Dunner (1993) disagr...

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Young Children of Affectively Ill Parents: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Development

Cited by 176 publications

References 21 publications

Onset and Persistence of Childhood Asthma: Predictors From Infancy

Onset and Persistence of Childhood Asthma: Predictors From Infancy

Intergenerational Health Disparities: Socioeconomic Status, Women's Health Conditions, and Child Behavior Problems

Can a Diagnosis Be Epidemic, With Therapeutic Efforts the Catastrophe?

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