Young children combine sensory cues with learned information in a statistically efficient manner: But task complexity matters

Abstract

Research Highlights• Young children are sensitive to, and can learn, environmental regularities. Can they also utilize such learned regularities in a statistically efficient manner?• We demonstrate that 6-7-year olds are capable of learning and utilizing regularities in a statistically efficient fashion, and in a manner indistinguishable from adult behavior.• However, variables such as task complexity can influence young children's behavior to a greater extent than that of adults, leading their behavior to look sub-optimal.• These findings have important implications for how we should interpret failures in young children's ability to carry out sophisticated computations. AbstractHuman adults are adept at mitigating the influence of sensory uncertainty on task performance by integrating sensory cues with learned prior information, in a Bayes-optimal fashion. Previous research has shown that young children and infants are sensitive to environmental regularities, and that the ability to learn and use such regularities is involved in the development of several cognitive abilities. However, it has also been reported that children younger than 8 do not combine simultaneously available sensory cues in a Bayes-optimal fashion. Thus, it remains unclear whether, and by what age, children can combine sensory cues with learned regularities in an adult manner. Here, we examine the performance of 6-7-year old children when tasked with localizing a 'hidden' target by combining uncertain sensory information with prior information learned over repeated exposure to the task. We demonstrate that 6-7-year olds learn task-relevant statistics at a rate on-par with adults, and like adults, are capable of integrating learned regularities with sensory information in a statistically efficient manner. We also show that variables such as task complexity can influence young children's behavior to a greater extent than that of adults, leading their behavior to look sub-optimal. Our findings have important implications for how we should interpret failures in young children's ability to carry out sophisticated computations. These 'failures' need not be attributed to deficits in the fundamental computational capacity available to children early in development, but rather to ancillary immaturities in general cognitive abilities that mask the operation of these computations in specific situations.

Bayesian causal inference in visuotactile integration in children and adults

“…Also, it has been suggested that "the developing visual system may be optimized for speed and detecting sensory conflicts" (Nardini et al, 2010, p. 17041). Recently, these ideas have been challenged by studies showing near-optimal integration in this age group (Bejjanki et al, 2020;Nava et al, 2020;Negen et al, 2019), and in particular by Rohlf et al (2020), who showed that integration develops prior to cross-sensory recalibration. In the current study, we found that even though perception of tactile stimuli is strongly affected by the presence of a visual cue, the less-dominant modality (touch) still had an effect on the perceived stimulus location.…”

“…Also, it has been suggested that “the developing visual system may be optimized for speed and detecting sensory conflicts” (Nardini et al., 2010 , p. 17041). Recently, these ideas have been challenged by studies showing near‐optimal integration in this age group (Bejjanki et al., 2020 ; Nava et al., 2020 ; Negen et al., 2019 ), and in particular by Rohlf et al. ( 2020 ), who showed that integration develops prior to cross‐sensory recalibration.…”