Young adults who smoke cigarettes and marijuana: Analysis of thoughts and behaviors

Ramo, Danielle E.; Delucchi, Kevin; Liu, Howard; Hall, Sharon M.; Prochaska, Judith J.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.035

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Our findings also corroborate the strong association between cigarette smoking and marijuana use [24], [25] (Figure 2D). Similarly, this work supports the relationship between increased screen time, lack of participation in physical activity, and poor eating patterns [26], [27] (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Gun Possession among American Youth: A Discovery-Based Approach to Understand Gun Violence

Ruggles

Rajan

2014

PLoS ONE

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ObjectiveTo apply discovery-based computational methods to nationally representative data from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions’ Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System to better understand and visualize the behavioral factors associated with gun possession among adolescent youth.ResultsOur study uncovered the multidimensional nature of gun possession across nearly five million unique data points over a ten year period (2001–2011). Specifically, we automated odds ratio calculations for 55 risk behaviors to assemble a comprehensive table of associations for every behavior combination. Downstream analyses included the hierarchical clustering of risk behaviors based on their association “fingerprint” to 1) visualize and assess which behaviors frequently co-occur and 2) evaluate which risk behaviors are consistently found to be associated with gun possession. From these analyses, we identified more than 40 behavioral factors, including heroin use, using snuff on school property, having been injured in a fight, and having been a victim of sexual violence, that have and continue to be strongly associated with gun possession. Additionally, we identified six behavioral clusters based on association similarities: 1) physical activity and nutrition; 2) disordered eating, suicide and sexual violence; 3) weapon carrying and physical safety; 4) alcohol, marijuana and cigarette use; 5) drug use on school property and 6) overall drug use.ConclusionsUse of computational methodologies identified multiple risk behaviors, beyond more commonly discussed indicators of poor mental health, that are associated with gun possession among youth. Implications for prevention efforts and future interdisciplinary work applying computational methods to behavioral science data are described.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Gun Possession among American Youth: A Discovery-Based Approach to Understand Gun Violence

Ruggles

Rajan

2014

PLoS ONE

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“…In addition certain individuals may enjoy aspects of smoking in general, regardless of substance (Schauer et al, 2016). Previous studies have found that urges to use marijuana and tobacco were correlated among young adults (Ramo et al 2014) and that using tobacco subsequent to marijuana (called “chasing”) is a common pattern of use (Ream et al 2008). The primary route of marijuana administration is smoking, often mixed with tobacco (Baggio et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young adults report increased pleasure from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol but not when using marijuana

Gubner

Thrul

Kelly

et al. 2017

Addiction Research & Theory

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Background Among young adults, cigarette smoking is strongly associated with alcohol and marijuana use. The present study compared self-reported co-use of cigarettes and alcohol versus cigarettes and marijuana among young adults using cross-sectional survey data. Methods Participants were young adult cigarette smokers (age 18 to 25) who also reported past month alcohol or marijuana use enrolled in a randomized trial testing a smoking cessation intervention on Facebook. Participants self-reported extent of cigarette smoking under the influence of alcohol or marijuana and differences in perceived pleasure from cigarette smoking when drinking alcohol compared to using marijuana. Results Among cigarette smokers who drank alcohol and used marijuana in the past month (n=200), a similar percentage of cigarettes were smoked under the influence of alcohol (42.4%±31.2%) and marijuana (43.1% ±30.0%). Among alcohol + marijuana users, perceived pleasure from smoking cigarettes was significantly greater when drinking alcohol versus when using marijuana (t(199)=7.05, p<0.001). There was, on average, an increase in perceived pleasure from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol, though perceived pleasure did not differ by binge drinking frequency. In contrast, there was on average no change in perceived pleasure from smoking cigarettes when using marijuana. Results from the cigarette smokers who used alcohol + marijuana were similar to cigarette smokers who only used alcohol (n=158) or only used marijuana (n=54). Conclusion Findings highlight greater perceived reward from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol compared to when using marijuana, informing smoking cessation interventions that target users of multiple substances.

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“…Baseline measures used to describe our sample included: gender, age, ethnicity, employment and student status, family and personal income, and zip code (used to generate region of residence), measured with a demographic questionnaire used in our prior research. 29,30 The Smoking History Questionnaire 29,31,32 assessed average days smoking per week and cigarettes per smoking day, age of initiation, lifetime and past year quit attempts, and time to first cigarette upon waking (<30 min or >30 min). The Smoking Stages of Change scale assessed readiness to quit smoking cigarettes 28 categorizing smokers into one of three pre-action stages of change: Precontemplation, no intention to quit within the next 6 months; Contemplation, intention to quit within the next 6 months but no 24-hr quit attempt in the past year; and Preparation, intention to quit within the next month and a 24-hr quit attempt in the past year.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facebook recruitment of young adult smokers for a cessation trial: Methods, metrics, and lessons learned

Ramo

Rodriguez

Chavez

et al. 2014

Internet Interventions

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Further understanding is needed of the functionalities and efficiency of social media for health intervention research recruitment. Facebook was examined as a mechanism to recruit young adults for a smoking cessation intervention. An ad campaign targeting young adult smokers tested specific messaging based on market theory and successful strategies used to recruit smokers in previous clinical trials (i.e. informative, call to action, scarcity, social norms), previously successful ads, and general messaging. Images were selected to target smokers (e.g., lit cigarette), appeal to the target age, vary demographically, and vary graphically (cartoon, photo, logo). Facebook’s Ads Manager was used over 7 weeks (6/10/13 – 7/29/13), targeted by age (18–25), location (U.S.), and language (English), and employed multiple ad types (newsfeed, standard, promoted posts, sponsored stories) and keywords. Ads linked to the online screening survey or study Facebook page. The 36 different ads generated 3,198,373 impressions, 5,895 unique clicks, at an overall cost of $2,024 ($0.34/click). Images of smoking and newsfeed ads had the greatest reach and clicks at the lowest cost. Of 5,895 unique clicks, 586 (10%) were study eligible and 230 (39%) consented. Advertising costs averaged $8.80 per eligible, consented participant. The final study sample (n=79) was largely Caucasian (77%) and male (69%), averaging 11 cigarettes/day (SD=8.3) and 2.7 years smoking (SD=0.7). Facebook is a useful, cost-effective recruitment source for young adult smokers. Ads posted via newsfeed posts were particularly successful, likely because they were viewable via mobile phone. Efforts to engage more ethnic minorities, young women, and smokers motivated to quit are needed.

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Young adults who smoke cigarettes and marijuana: Analysis of thoughts and behaviors

Cited by 28 publications

References 53 publications

Gun Possession among American Youth: A Discovery-Based Approach to Understand Gun Violence

Gun Possession among American Youth: A Discovery-Based Approach to Understand Gun Violence

Young adults report increased pleasure from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol but not when using marijuana

Facebook recruitment of young adult smokers for a cessation trial: Methods, metrics, and lessons learned

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