You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope

Carver, Charles S.

doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6

Cited by 5,735 publications

(5,918 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…According to Lazarus and Folkman, ‘coping can be understood as a constant cognitive and behavioural attempt to deal with specific external and internal demands that are perceived and valued as stressful’ [15,16]. The main aim of this work is to examine this relationship of coping behaviour and burnout, whereby the theories and concepts of Lazarus and Folkman [16] and Carver and colleagues [17,18], splitting coping strategies according to their functionality into functional and dysfunctional coping strategies, are applied to the context of medical students.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout

Erschens¹,

Loda²,

Herrmann–Werner³

et al. 2018

Medical Education Online

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Background: High levels of burnout rates amongst medical students have been confirmed by numerous studies from diverse contexts. This study aims to explore the functional and dysfunctional coping strategies of medical students with regard to their respective burnout factors.Methods: About 845 medical students in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th semesters and students in their final year were invited to take part in the survey. The self-administered questionnaire included items on potential functional and dysfunctional behavioural-based coping strategies as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Version (MBI-SS). In addition, a comparison of the local results with a German reference sample involving other students was calculated.Results: A total of 597 medical students (70.7%) participated in the cross-sectional study. The results showed high burnout rates, averaging 35%. Students in earlier stages of university education showed lower values for cynicism (a subdimension of burnout), but higher values for emotional exhaustion than students in higher stages. Concerning academic efficacy, there was a trend towards less efficient perception among students in higher education. The identified functional coping strategies were ‘seeking support from friends’, ‘seeking support from family’, ‘doing relaxing exercise’, ‘doing sports’ and ‘seeking support from fellow students’. The identified dysfunctional coping strategies were ‘taking tranquilizers’, ‘taking stimulants’, ‘drinking alcohol’, ‘withdrawal and ruminating’, and ‘playing games on the PC or mobile phone’. The medical students surveyed are more affected by burnout symptoms than the reference populations, but the overall result was difficult to interpret.Conclusions: The identified behavioural-based functional coping strategies suggest that social support and active relaxing exercises seem to be very important possibilities for medical students to reduce stress and exhaustion. The use of drugs and alcohol for stress reduction raises concerns. Programs are recommended to improve resilient behaviour and to impart the identified functional coping strategies to medical students.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout

Erschens¹,

Loda²,

Herrmann–Werner³

et al. 2018

Medical Education Online

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“…The long questionnaire also included questions on health and lifestyle (10 items), 14 items on coping strategies taken from Brief COPE inventory (Carver, 1997), and 16 items from the Miller Behavioural Style Scale (MBSS; Steptoe, 1989), and 21 items on attitudes towards bowel cancer screening adapted from several questionnaires (Lipkus & Klein, 2006; Miles, Voorwinden, Chapman, & Wardle, 2008; Tiro et al ., 2005), and questions on perceived risk of bowel cancer (four items; Weinstein et al ., 2007). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What impact do questionnaire length and monetary incentives have on mailed health psychology survey response?

Robb

Gatting

Wardle³

2017

British J Health Psychol

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ObjectivesResponse rates to health‐related surveys are declining. This study tested two strategies to improve the response rate to a health psychology survey mailed through English general practices: (1) sending a shortened questionnaire and (2) offering a monetary incentive to return a completed questionnaire.DesignRandomized controlled trial.MethodsAdults (n = 4,241) aged 45–59 years, from four General Practices in South‐East England, were mailed a survey on attitudes towards bowel cancer screening. Using a 2 × 4 factorial design, participants were randomized to receive a ‘short’ (four A4 pages) or a ‘long’ (seven A4 pages) questionnaire, and one of four monetary incentives to return a completed questionnaire – (1) no monetary incentive, (2) £2.50 shop voucher, (3) £5.00 shop voucher, and (4) inclusion in a £250 shop voucher prize draw. Age, gender, and area‐level deprivation were obtained from the General Practices.ResultsThe overall response rate was 41% (n = 1,589). Response to the ‘short’ questionnaire (42%) was not significantly different from the ‘long’ questionnaire (40%). The £2.50 incentive (43%) significantly improved response rates in univariate analyses, and remained significant after controlling for age, gender, area‐level deprivation, and questionnaire length. The £5.00 (42%) and £250 prize draw (41%) incentives had no significant impact on response rates compared to no incentive (38%).ConclusionsA small monetary incentive (£2.50) may slightly increase response to a mailed health psychology survey. The length of the questionnaire (four pages vs. seven pages) did not influence response. Although frequently used, entry into a prize draw did not increase response. Achieving representative samples remains a challenge for health psychology. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Response rates to mailed questionnaires continue to decline, threatening the representativeness of data.Prize draw incentives are frequently used but there is little evidence to support their efficacy.Research on interactions between incentives, questionnaire length, and demographics is lacking. What does this study add Contrary to previous findings, questionnaire length did not influence response rate.A £2.50 incentive increased response, while incentives of £5.00 and a £250 prize draw did not.Achieving representative samples to questionnaires remains a challenge for health psychology.

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“…The Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) is a 28-item self-report measure to assess strategies adopted to cope with stressful events in general. The questionnaire includes a self-blame subscale, consisting of two items that are scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 ( I usually don’t do this at all ) to 4 ( I usually do this a lot ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of guilt in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Bub

Lommen

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the emotional profile of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may be more diverse than traditional accounts presume. PTSD’s image as an anxiety-based disorder is undergoing change as the significance of other emotions in its development becomes more evident. Experimental research is needed in order to expand the understanding of underlying processes driving the development of PTSD. Objective: Experimentally test the influence of stressor-related guilt on the occurrence of PTSD symptomatology. Method: A non-clinical student sample faced an analogue trauma, a stressor in the form of a computer crash and related loss of data. We either personally blamed participants for causing the incident (blame group) or told them that it was a technical failure and therefore not their fault (no-blame group). Levels of guilt before and after the incident as well as number and associated distress of incident-related intrusions were assessed using a one-day diary and compared between groups. Results: The guilt manipulation was successful: feelings of guilt significantly increased in the blame group but not in the no-blame group. Furthermore, the blame group showed a significantly higher number of intrusions and associated distress compared to the no-blame group at one-day follow-up. Conclusions: These laboratory findings indicate that feelings of guilt may lead to increased PTSD symptomatology, supporting the view that guilt experienced in reaction to a traumatic event may be part of a causal mechanism driving the development of PTSD.

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You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope

Cited by 5,735 publications

References 36 publications

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout

What impact do questionnaire length and monetary incentives have on mailed health psychology survey response?

The role of guilt in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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