“You Tweet Like a Girl!”

Evans, Heather K.; Clark, Jennifer Hayes

doi:10.1177/1532673x15597747

Cited by 129 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The lack of difference between maleand female-candidate word choice is consistent with previous research on debates (Banwart & McKinney, 2005), but not on other communication styles such as tweets (Evans & Clark, 2015). However, previous work on word use indicates that women and men use language differently, particularly their use of inclusive and exclusive words, their use of words that demonstrated tentativeness versus certainty, and their use of the pronouns I and we (e.g., Newman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Women and Politics, 2016). Such uneven representation has motivated scholars such as Evans and Clark (2015) to theorize that this out-group status causes "women candidates [to] adopt a different style of communication during their campaign to both combat stereotypes and to distinguish themselves from male candidates" (Evans & Clark, 2015, p. 2). Indeed, in examining tweets in 2012, they found women did tweet more attacks and more women's issues when there were fewer women in the race.…”

Section: Conservative and Liberal Brand Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Research Using the C-SPAN Archives

Browning¹

2016

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Conservative and Liberal Brand Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Research Using the C-SPAN Archives

Browning¹

2016

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“…The initial studies of the online self-presentation strategies employed by female and male candidates were conducted when campaign websites were commonly employed during the 2000 US election cycle (Banwart & Winfrey, 2013). The strategies utilized by female candidates diverged notably from the expected gendered stereotypes (Evans & Clark, 2015). However, no evidence demonstrated that women or men utilize gender stereotypes in Twitter microblogging or advertisements (Dolan & Lynch, 2017;Evans, 2016;Wagner et al, 2017).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 97%

Self-presentation and counterstereotypic gender strategies in social media campaigning: An example from Taiwan's presidential election

Chen

Chang

2018

Journal of Information and Telecommunication

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By employing a functional approach considering both topics and functions, this study explored and compared candidates' presentation of textual and pictorial information in their social media campaigning through a combination of quantitative method and qualitative content analysis. Results indicated that the intentions of stereotype reversal were, to some extent, demonstrated in their discussions of policy and character issues. The female candidate emphasized policy but utilized emotional imagery as a neutralizer. By contrast, the male candidate more frequently discussed character issues and further softened the messages with emotional imagery. In terms of negative campaigning, the tactics accorded with their gender norms. The male candidate utilized both trait and issue attacks to challenge his rival's stereotypical feminine strengths, whereas the female candidate ignored the attacks by defending her party or challenging the incompetence of the opposing party. The textual and pictorial messages that received numerous likes and shares featured similar sentimental tones. More discussions elucidate how candidates co-opt stereotypic and counterstereotypic gender strategies for different topics and functions in social media campaigning and this research transcends previous studies that focused on only one type of message, either text or imagery.

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“…Wagner et al (2017) found that women, as disadvantaged candidates, are more likely to use Twitter in their campaigns. Evans and Clark (2016) found that women candidates are more likely than men to attack their opponents, tweet about policy issues in general, and women's issues in particular.…”

Section: Gender and Social Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Self-Presentations in the 2020 U.S. Elections

Aronson

Oldham

Lucas

2020

Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change

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Ironically, the 2016 election of Donald Trump catalyzed progressive social change in the U.S.. A record number of women and people of color ran for the 2020 presidential nomination of the Democratic party. This election also saw the first openly gay candidate for president. Drawing on qualitative website and Twitter bio data, this article examines the gender self-presentations of twelve Democratic party primary presidential candidates-the eight men and four women who were in the primary debates in October 2019. We develop a new typology of gender self-presentation by classifying different approaches on a spectrum, ranging from gender traditional on one side to feminist on the other (with gender neutral and gender nontraditional in between). We find that most candidates simultaneously blend different types of gender self-presentations in their campaigns. For both men and women in the 2020 election, traditional selfpresentations are the least common and gender neutral self-presentations are the most common. For women, nontraditional self-presentations de-emphasize the traditional role of motherhood, use stereotypically masculine language, or emphasize nontraditional gender career experiences. In contrast, for the men, the nontraditional self-presentations were more narrow and stayed solely in the domain of fatherhood. Finally, feminist self-presentations emphasize women's social and political interests as women, either through the use of pronouns in their Twitter bios or through a discussion of feminist policy issues in websites. While both male and female candidates emphasize feminist issues, the men often do so by drawing on traditionally masculine language or highlight gender stereotypes as male protectors over vulnerable women. Together, these findings suggest that women's identities as candidates draw on a wider, more multifaceted, range of gender self-presentations. This nuanced typology can be applied to future research on gender and elections.

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“You Tweet Like a Girl!”

Cited by 129 publications

References 61 publications

Advances in Research Using the C-SPAN Archives

Advances in Research Using the C-SPAN Archives

Self-presentation and counterstereotypic gender strategies in social media campaigning: An example from Taiwan's presidential election

Gender Self-Presentations in the 2020 U.S. Elections

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