“You are my sunshine, my only sunshine”: maternal vitamin D status and supplementation in pregnancy and their effect on neonatal and childhood outcomes

Exploring the Role of Mediterranean and Westernized Diets and Their Main Nutrients in the Modulation of Oxidative Stress in the Placenta: A Narrative Review

“…Supported by animal models and clinical observations of outcomes associated with various placental pathologies, we suggest that unresolved vitamin deficiencies pose a potential danger to developing humans, even in their adolescence and in adult life. The supplementation of some vitamins has been studied in order to meet the mother's nu-tritional requirements and prevent derivative complications, such as physical, skeletal, immune, neurological, and cognitive impairment [153]. According to recommendations of experts for pregnant women, minimum daily intake of vitamins A (800 µg), B1 (1.4 mg), B2 (1.4 mg), B3 (18 mg), B6 (1.9 mg), B9 (400 µg), B12 (2.6 mg), C (70 mg), D (200 IU), and E (10 mg) should be provided [154].…”

“…Supplementation has been contemplated for these gestational complications, as maternal vitamin D is the only source for the future neonate. Deficiencies in the mother have also been related to increased rates of caesarean delivery, low birth weight or small for gestational age, allergies, and respiratory conditions [153]. Vitamin D deficiency is also associated hyperhomocysteinemia.…”

A Study of Vitamin D Status and Its Influencing Factors among Pregnant Women in Szeged, Hungary: A Secondary Outcome of a Case–Control Study

“…However, it is obvious that maternal VD intake levels should be increased to achieve sufficient levels, and there are no uniform recommendations; it varies worldwide according to scientific societies. International recommendations generally propose 10 or 15 µg (400-600 IU) VD daily (with outliers of 200 or 800 IU), with a tolerable upper intake of 100 µg per day (4000 IU) [19][20][21]. During pregnancy, the same VD intake dose is advised as for the general population, despite several recent meta-analysis and review articles concluding that the prevention of negative maternal and perinatal outcomes requires higher supplemental doses, and that the official recommendations should be updated [21][22][23].…”