Yoga Therapy in Functional Dyspepsia. A Narrative Review

Abstract

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common upper gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by bothersome epigastric pain or burning, fullness after meals or early satiety. The precise pathophysiology remains incompletely understood but may include the role of disordered gut-brain communication leading to disturbances in gastro-duodenal physiological functioning. Even if there are several pharmacological treatment options, it is a chronic and relapsing disorder with persistent symptoms that makes its management difficult. Yoga is a fast-spreading complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) specialty, that has gained attention in the medical field for its ability to address the physical, emotional, mental and social aspects of health and disease. Various other CAM therapies are being used for FD with varying efficacy. However, apart from one research study that used yoga therapy on abdominal pain related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children which included a few FD cases as well (11.6%), no other study using yoga therapy has been done in FD as per our best knowledge. Therefore, in the present review, we have summarized the current scientific understanding of the probable effects of yoga on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in FD (gastric motility, fundic accommodation, hypersensitivity, duodenal inflammation, psychological distress and gut-brain dysfunction). The literature suggests yoga can have a beneficial role in the management of FD. However, rigorous research and clinical trials are required to confirm the same.

Simultaneous Analysis of Thirteen Compounds in Yeokwisan Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Their Antioxidant Effects

“…Furthermore, for the YMC-Triart column (Figure S3C), isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizin were detected at the same retention time, and the resolution of poncirin was not as good as that achieved with the other columns. Although the resolution of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid on the SunFire TM column was slightly low, we were 5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13). The concentrations of each marker compound in the mixed standard solution were as follows: 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (10.00 µg/mL); ononin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, isoliquiritigenin, and wogonin (20.00 µg/mL); narirutin and naringin (30.00 µg/mL); liquiritin (40.00 µg/mL); liquiritin apioside and poncirin (50.00 µg/mL); and glycyrrhizin (100.00 µg/mL).…”

“…formic acid (A), 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (B), and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid (C). Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S6: Comparison of HPLC-PDA chromatograms according to the flow rate for the 13 selected marker compounds: 0.8 mL/min (A) and 1.0 mL/min (B). Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S7: HPLC chromatograms at LOD (A) and LOQ (B) concentrations.…”

“…Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S6: Comparison of HPLC-PDA chromatograms according to the flow rate for the 13 selected marker compounds: 0.8 mL/min (A) and 1.0 mL/min (B). Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S7: HPLC chromatograms at LOD (A) and LOQ (B) concentrations. Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S8: Mass fragmentation of each marker compound for simultaneous analysis; Figure S9: Precursor ion (Q1; left) and product ion (Q3; right) peaks for each marker compound.…”

“…Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S7: HPLC chromatograms at LOD (A) and LOQ (B) concentrations. Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S8: Mass fragmentation of each marker compound for simultaneous analysis; Figure S9: Precursor ion (Q1; left) and product ion (Q3; right) peaks for each marker compound. Liquiritin apioside (1), liquiritin (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), narirutin (4), naringin (5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13); Figure S10: Extracted ion chromatograms of each reference standard compound (A) and the 13 marker compounds selected in a YWS sample (B) by the UPLC-MS/MS MRM method in negative and positive ion modes; Table S1: Analytical conditions for simultaneous analysis of the nine target components in a YWS sample by HPLC-PDA; Table S2: System suitability for simultaneous analysis of the nine target components by HPLC-PDA; Table S3: Repeatability for retention time and peak area of the 13 marker compounds by HPLC-PDA assay; Table S4: Composition of and information on Yeokwisan; Table S5: Information on the 13 reference standard compounds selected as marker compounds for the quality control of YWS; Table S6: UPLC-MS/MS MRM conditions for simultaneous quantitative analysis of the 13 marker compounds in YWS sample; Table S7: Repeatability for retent...…”

“…Wavelength for quantification, linear range, regression equation, coefficient of determination (r 2 ), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) using HPLC-PDA simultaneous analysis of the 13 marker compounds in YWS. 5), ononin (6), baicalin (7), poncirin (8), wogonoside (9), baicalein (10), isoliquiritigenin (11), glycyrrhizin (12), and wogonin (13). 2 y: peak area of compounds; x: concentration (µg/mL) of compounds.…”