Yield, transpiration efficiency, and water-use variations and their interrelationships in the sorghum reference collection

Vadez, Vincent; Krishnamurthy, L.; Hash, C. T.; Upadhyaya, Hari D.; Borrell, Andrew

doi:10.1071/cp11007

Cited by 91 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Importantly, genotypes that extract more water during the grain filling period extract less water during the vegetative stage (e.g. Vadez et al 2011bVadez et al , 2013aZaman-Allah et al 2011a). The continued extraction of water at later stages therefore appears to depend on water-saving mechanisms functioning at earlier stages, and water extraction by the root at key stages is a dynamic process that does not depend only on the root tapping more water at depth.…”

Section: The Need For Dynamic Measurements Of Water Extraction At Keymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, to understand these complex interactions, methods are needed that can be used to analyse as many components as possible related to plant water balance such that a comprehensive understanding can be achieved. Recently, a lysimetric system has been developed , in which plant water use can be monitored from a very early growth stage until maturity and highly relevant agronomic assessments can be performed in conditions that mimic field situations at least in terms of plant density and the soil and water volume available to each plant (Ratnakumar and Vadez 2011;Vadez et al 2011aVadez et al , 2011bVadez et al , 2013bZaman-Allah et al 2011a). In particular, this system allows the measurement of water extraction at key stages, especially the grain filling period, and it can be used to assess leaf conductance using the index of stomatal conductance (Zaman-Allah et al 2011a).…”

Section: What Progress Is Needed In 'Water Stress' Research?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water: the most important ‘molecular’ component of water stress tolerance research

Vadez

Kholová

Zaman-Allah

et al. 2013

Functional Plant Biol.

101

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Abstract. Water deficit is the main yield-limiting factor across the Asian and African semiarid tropics and a basic consideration when developing crop cultivars for water-limited conditions is to ensure that crop water demand matches season water supply. Conventional breeding has contributed to the development of varieties that are better adapted to water stress, such as early maturing cultivars that match water supply and demand and then escape terminal water stress. However, an optimisation of this match is possible. Also, further progress in breeding varieties that cope with water stress is hampered by the typically large genotype Â environment interactions in most field studies. Therefore, a more comprehensive approach is required to revitalise the development of materials that are adapted to water stress. In the past two decades, transgenic and candidate gene approaches have been proposed for improving crop productivity under water stress, but have had limited real success. The major drawback of these approaches has been their failure to consider realistic water limitations and their link to yield when designing biotechnological experiments. Although the genes are many, the plant traits contributing to crop adaptation to water limitation are few and revolve around the critical need to match water supply and demand. We focus here on the genetic aspects of this, although we acknowledge that crop management options also have a role to play. These traits are related in part to increased, better or more conservative uses of soil water. However, the traits themselves are highly dynamic during crop development: they interact with each other and with the environment. Hence, success in breeding cultivars that are more resilient under water stress requires an understanding of plant traits affecting yield under water deficit as well as an understanding of their mutual and environmental interactions. Given that the phenotypic evaluation of germplasm/breeding material is limited by the number of locations and years of testing, crop simulation modelling then becomes a powerful tool for navigating the complexity of biological systems, for predicting the effects on yield and for determining the probability of success of specific traits or trait combinations across water stress scenarios.

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Section: The Need For Dynamic Measurements Of Water Extraction At Keymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Progress Is Needed In 'Water Stress' Research?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water: the most important ‘molecular’ component of water stress tolerance research

Vadez

Kholová

Zaman-Allah

et al. 2013

Functional Plant Biol.

101

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“…The novelty of the approach is also in allowing to obtain highly relevant agronomic data in a system where the homogeneity of the soil can be controlled, whereas studies in low soil P field are often bound to face large field heterogeneity in P availability. Such a system has recently been used to assess water use throughout the cropping cycle until maturity in different crops (Ratnakumar and Vadez 2011;Vadez et al 2011a;Zaman-Allah et al 2011). It has also been tested to produce highly relevant agronomic data in low and high P soils (Karanam and Vadez 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been tested to produce highly relevant agronomic data in low and high P soils (Karanam and Vadez 2010). The setup allows to determine transpiration efficiency (TE, calculated as dry matter (DM) produced per kg of water transpired) to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes (Ratnakumar and Vadez 2011;Vadez et al 2011a;. It is well known that TE depends on interactions between water and nutrient availability (De Wit 1958;Tanner and Sinclair 1983;Clarkson et al 2000;Vadez et al 2014), and is particularly affected by nutrient deficiency (Payne 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerant pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) varieties to low soil P have higher transpiration efficiency and lower flowering delay than sensitive ones

et al. 2014

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Tolerant pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) varieties to low soil P have higher transpiration efficiency and lower flowering delay than sensitive ones AbstractBackground and aim In the West African Sahel low soil phosphorus (P) and unpredictable rainfall are major interacting constraints to growth and grain yield of pearl millet. Investigating the relationship between transpiration and final yield under the combined effect of water and P stress is fundamental to understand the underlying mechanisms of tolerance and improve breeding programs. Methods We conducted two lysimeter trials using 1 m long PVC tubes (35 cm diameter) filled with a P poor Sahelian soil mimicking soil profiles to assess grain and stover yield, and water use of 15 pearl millet genotypes grown under different P (no P supply or addition of 1.5 g P tube) and water (well watered or terminal water stress) regimes. In experiment 2 transpiration was measured twice a week from tube weight differences, and transpiration efficiency (TE) was calculated as dry matter (DM) produced per kg of water transpired. Results Low soil P delayed flowering, and more so in sensitive genotypes. Later flowering of genotypes sensitive to low P made them more sensitive to terminal water stress. Under P limiting soil, genotypes tolerant and sensitive to low P used similar amounts of water (19.8 and 21.7 kg water plant −1 , respectively). However, tolerant lines transpired less water prior to anthesis (8.8 kg water plant −1 ) leaving more water available for grain filling (11 kg water plant −1 ) while sensitive lines used 14.4 kg water plant −1 pre-anthesis, leaving only 7.2 kg water plant −1 for grain filling. Low soil P decreased grain yield by affecting seed size at harvest and its damage during seed filling overrode the effect of seed size at sowing. Grain yield was positively correlated with water extracted after anthesis. TE was enhanced by P supply, especially in sensitive lines, and TE was higher in tolerant than in sensitive genotypes under low soil P. Conclusions Pearl millet plants tolerant to low P were more resistant to the delay of flowering caused by low P soil and they presented higher transpiration efficiency. The pattern of transpiration was important to cope with terminal water stress under different levels of P availability. Higher transpiration after anthesis, resulting from conservative water mechanism pre-anthesis (higher TE) and possibly by a shorter delay in flowering under low soil P, enhanced grain yield.

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“…Condon et al (1990) reported a significant (P<0.01) positive correlation between TE in well watered and drought stressed conditions. Although significant G×E interactions for TE have been observed in both sorghum (Xin et al, 2009;Vadez et al, 2011b) and peanut (Krishnamurthy et al, 2007), the G×E effect was smaller than the genotypic main effect in each of these studies. All available evidence thus suggests that G×E interactions for TE are likely to be minor relative to the genotypic main effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The physiological basis of genetic improvement in maize (Zea mays L.) yield in the US Corn Belt

Ponce¹

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Maize, along with rice and wheat, provides the foundation of human food supply. Ecological intensification of maize cropping systems and accelerated genetic improvement of maize yield will be necessary to satisfy an increasing demand from rapid population growth (Cassman 1999).Understanding of the physiological basis underpinning genetic improvement of maize can inform breeding efforts and improve tailoring of maize hybrids to intensified cropping systems.Maize yields in the US Corn Belt have increased at a rate of 1% a year for over 70+ years. A series of field studies using the so-called ERA hybrid set (Duvick et al. 2004a), which represent commercially successful hybrid releases over that period, demonstrated that yield improvement resulted from the interaction between genotype and plant population, and documented that yield advance was associated with increased leaf angle score and stay-green score, and decreases in anthesis-silking interval (ASI), tassel size scores, and barrenness. Changes in leaf angle scores and stay green scores have been implicated as determinants of increased radiation use efficiency and water capture (Hammer et al. 2009a;). Increased kernel number per unit area via reduced barrenness, shorter ASI, and reduced tassel size suggest that biomass allocation to the ear may have changed as the result of selection for yield in the ERA hybrids (Duvick et al. 2004a;Hammer et al. 2009a). Increased total biomass and increased partitioning to the kernels around silking and during early ear growth have been implicated as the major physiological determinants of the yield increase in short-season maize (Tollenaar et al. 2006a).We have a cursory understanding of the physiological drivers of yield improvement in temperate maize. This study provides empirical evidence to evaluate previously proposed hypotheses (i.e., water capture; Hammer et al. (2009a)) and deductions from field observations. This study utilizes a crop growth and development framework structured on concepts of resource capture, utilization efficiency and allocation to guide field experimentation. The experimental component of this study includes field experiments in managed stress environments located in USA and Chile during the growing seasons 2012 and 2011/2012 respectively, seeking to quantify genotypic differences in light and water capture, crop and ear growth, and resource allocation. Two seasons of experiments in 2012 utilizing the lysimeter and root chamber facilities located at UQ have been used to quantify genotypic differences in transpiration dynamics and efficiency, biomass allocation, and sensitivities to drought stress. Experimental work used a contrasting subset of single crosses from the ERA hybrids with seed available in Australia. All the experiments were planted at the highest plant density used in each location and platform.ii Measurement of soil water during two years of field experiments showed that total water capture under water-limited conditions did not differ between hybrids from another subset of t...

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Yield, transpiration efficiency, and water-use variations and their interrelationships in the sorghum reference collection

Cited by 91 publications

References 35 publications

Water: the most important ‘molecular’ component of water stress tolerance research

Water: the most important ‘molecular’ component of water stress tolerance research

Tolerant pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) varieties to low soil P have higher transpiration efficiency and lower flowering delay than sensitive ones

The physiological basis of genetic improvement in maize (Zea mays L.) yield in the US Corn Belt

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