Yield of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from Gac Peel as Affected by Different Solvents and Extraction Conditions

Abstract

 Abstract-Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a rich source of bioactive compounds especially carotenoids. Currently, only the aril of the Gac fruit is processed and the peel is discarded although it contains high levels of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which could be extracted for commercial use. In the present study, solvent type, ratio of solvent to material, extraction time and temperature were investigated for the extraction yields of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity of the extract from Gac peel. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest extraction yield of carotenoids, phenolics and ABTS antioxidant capacity. The highest levels of carotenoid yield and antioxidant capacity were obtained at 2 hours of extraction with the ratio of solvent to material of 20:1 (ml/g). Phenolic extraction yield reached the highest level after 2.5 hours of extraction and rose with the increase in extraction temperature while the highest extraction yield of carotenoids was obtained at 40 to 50°C and declined at higher temperature. The extraction using ethyl acetate with the ratio of 20:1 (ml solvent/g Gac peel) for 2 hours at 50°C is suggested for extraction of bioactives from Gac peel.

Phenolic Content, Main Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity of Instant Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun) Prepared with Different Raw Materials and Drying Methods

“…The result was consistent with a previous study that the total soluble solid of Roselle tea extracts reached a maximum after brewing for 40 min [27]. When the extracting time exceeded 40 min, the yield of instant sweet tea powders decreased, which may be associated with the degradation of bioactive compounds in sweet tea [28].…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity

“…This result is in agreement with our previous studies, which showed that β-carotene, lycopene and lutein contributed to approximately 90% of total carotenoid content in the peel of Gac fruit [6,7]. Ethyl acetate was also found as the most suitable solvent for a simultaneous extraction of those principal carotenoids from Gac peel compared to other solvents such as hexane, acetone and ethanol [26]. Previous studies on biological activities of Gac fruit showed that carotenoids from this fruit possess a variety of beneficial effects to human health.…”

“…This difference may be due to the additional release of other bioactive compounds from Gac peel, which also contributed to the antioxidant capacity into the liquid phase at the extended time. Kubola and Siriamornpun (2011) [5] reported that in addition to the high levels of carotenoids, Gac peel also contains significant levels of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which required a longer extraction time to reach their highest extraction yield compared to the time to achieve the highest carotenoid yield from Gac peel [26].…”

Microwave‐assisted extraction and ultrasound‐assisted extraction for recovering carotenoids from Gac peel and their effects on antioxidant capacity of the extracts

“…Our studies on the conventional extraction of bioactive compounds from Gac peel showed that carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from the peel can be efficiently extracted using organic solvents (Chuyen, Roach, Golding, Parks, & Nguyen, 2017c;Chuyen, Tran, et al, 2017). However, conventional methods require large volumes of solvents, high energy use and long extraction times for an efficient extraction of bioactive compounds.…”