“…This stress inhibits plant growth, leading to decreased dry weight of roots and shoots (Henshaw et al, 2007a(Henshaw et al, , 2007bSallam & Scott, 1987;Shimamura et al, 2003), decreased photosynthesis (Loc et al, 2015;Oosterhuis et al, 1990), decreased nitrogen fixation (Bacanamwo & Purcell, 1999;Sung, 1993), and decreased greenness of leaves (Bacanamwo & Purcell, 1999). Thus, grain yield is severely reduced by waterlogging stress at different growth stages (Linkemer et al, 1998;Oosterhuis et al, 1990;Rhine et al, 2010;Sullivan et al, 2001).…”