Yes: The Symptoms of OCD and Depression Are Discrete and Not Exclusively Negative Affectivity

Abstract

Although Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Depression are classified as separate disorders, the high incidence of co-morbidity and the strong correlations between measures of each has led to debate about the nature of their relationship. Some authors have proposed that OCD is in fact a mood disorder while others have suggested that the two disorders are grounded in negative affectivity. A third proposition is that depression is an essential part of OCD but that OCD is a separate disorder from depression. The aim in this study was to investigate these diverse propositions in a non-clinical sample and also to determine whether factors implicated in each, that is anxious and depressive cognitions, hopelessness, and self-criticism, would demonstrate commonality as predictors of the symptoms of OCD and of depression. Two hundred participants (59% female) (M age = 34 years, SD = 16) completed the Padua Inventory, Carroll Rating Scale, Cognitions Checklist, Self-Criticism Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory-Revised and a Negative Affectivity Schedule. Results indicated a strong correlation between OCD and depression, depression, and negative affectivity but a weaker relationship between OCD and negative affectivity. Path analyses revealed that both anxious and depressive cognitions, as well as hostility predicted both disorders but the Beta-weights were stronger on OCD. Self-criticism predicted only depression while hopelessness failed to predict either disorder but was itself predicted by depressive cognitions. Depression was a stronger indicator of negative affect than OCD and while OCD positively predicted depression, depression was a negative indicator of OCD. These results support the hypothesis that OCD and depression are discrete disorders and indicate that while depression is implicated in OCD, the reverse does not hold. While both disorders are related to negative affectivity, this relationship is much stronger for depression thus failing to confirm that both are subsumed by a common factor, in this case, negative affectivity. The proposition that depression is part of OCD but that OCD is not necessarily implicated in depression and is, in fact, a separate disorder, is supported by the current model. Further research is required to support the utility of the model in clinical samples.

Anger and aggressiveness in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and the mediating role of responsibility, non-acceptance of emotions, and social desirability

“…Some studies indicated that anger and anger suppression could be moderated by depressive symptoms, as relationships between OCD and anger were no longer significant after controlling for depression [11,13]. However, by controlling for depressive symptoms it is likely that relevant variance in the relationship between OCD and anger is removed (see [49]). Also, many patients were medicated, mostly with antidepressants (SSRIs).…”

Hierarchical Structure of Depression Knowledge Network and Co-word Analysis of Focus Areas

“…For example, people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder have lower levels of competence in dealing with people, social interactions, and work ( Moritz et al, 2018 ; El-slamon et al, 2022 ). People with depression also experience high anxiety levels, such as agitation, apprehension, and worry ( Moore and Howell, 2017 ). Depression is related to strong negative emotions, including panic, anger, sadness, loneliness, self-blame, and resentment.…”

“…At the same time, weak negative emotions include calmness and relaxation. These negative emotions elaborate on the different emotional manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression ( Moore and Howell, 2017 ). and it is evident from many survey data that depression is diagnosed simultaneously as at least one-third of OCD patients are diagnosed ( Nestadt et al, 2001 ).…”

Fantasi Seksual Pada Penyandang Disabilitas Intelektual Remaja Akhir

“…Gejala lain bisa berupa rasa lelah yang ditandai dengan gejala somatik (misalnya: sakit kepala) yang muncul dapat berupa kelelahan dengan gejala somatik. Wheaton (2007) (Koran dkk, 2007;Moore & Howell, 2017;Moroney, 2017;Pigot dkk, 1994). Kondisi ini serupa dimana kecemasan dan depresi merupakan aspek distress yang diukur dengan menggunakan HSCL-25 dan terbukti keduanya memiliki skor yang tinggi.…”