Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Superantigens

Donadini, Roberta; Fields, Barry A.

doi:10.1159/000100859

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Based on the similarity in clinical manifestations and the data from some serological studies, it has been argued that Y. pseudotuberculosis (YP) infections might be involved in the pathogenesis of KD (62). Some species of YP produce YPderived mitogens (YPM), which are SAg-like virulence factors (63). Consistent with the increased prevalence of KD in Far East countries, YPM-positive pathogenic YP are also predominantly distributed in these countries and are less frequent in western countries (64).…”

Section: Yersinia Pseudotuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiological Significance of Infectious Stimuli in Kawasaki Disease

2019

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Kawasaki disease (KD) is a pediatric vasculitis syndrome that is often involves coronary artery lesions (e. g., coronary artery aneurysms). Although its causal factors and entire pathogenesis remain elusive, the available evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of KD is closely associated with dysregulation of immune responses to various viruses or microbes. In this short review, we address several essential aspects of the etiology of KD with respect to the immune response to infectious stimuli: 1) the role of viral infections, 2) the role of bacterial infections and the superantigen hypothesis, 3) involvement of innate immune response including pathogens/microbe-associated molecular patterns and complement pathways, and 4) the influence of genetic background on the response to infectious stimuli. Based on the clinical and experimental evidence, we discuss the possibility that a wide range of microbes and viruses could cause KD through common and distinct immune processes.

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Section: Yersinia Pseudotuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiological Significance of Infectious Stimuli in Kawasaki Disease

2019

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“…The term "superantigen" was first proposed by Marrack and Kappler [38] to describe microbial proteins that activate a large population of specific T-cells, in contrast to activation by conventional antigens. Superantigens are rather prevalent throughout Nature and produced by various bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens that cause very diverse diseases [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] (Table 1). Such proteins are apparently "successful" virulence factors worthy of perpetuation, at least from a pathogen's perspective and evolution.…”

Section: Introduction To a Microbial Toxin Factorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus: The Toxic Presence of a Pathogen Extraordinaire

Larkin¹,

Carman²,

Krakauer³

et al. 2009

CMC

121

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Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative, Gram-positive coccus well known for its disease-causing capabilities. In particular, methicillin and vancomycin resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA and VRSA, respectively) isolated globally represent daunting medical challenges for the 21(st) Century. This bacterium causes numerous illnesses in humans such as food poisoning, skin infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, enterocolitis, toxic shock, and autoimmune disorders. A few of the many virulence factors attributed to S. aureus include antibiotic resistance, capsule, coagulase, lipase, hyaluronidase, protein A, fibronectin-binding protein, and multiple toxins with diverse activities. One family of protein toxins is the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and related toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) that act as superantigens. There are more than twenty different SEs described to date with varying amino acid sequences, common conformations, and similar biological effects. By definition, very low (picomolar) concentrations of these superantigenic toxins activate specific T-cell subsets after binding to major histocompatibility complex class II. Activated T-cells vigorously proliferate and release proinflammatory cytokines plus chemokines that can elicit fever, hypotension, and other ailments which include a potentially lethal shock. In vitro and in vivo models are available for studying the SEs and TSST-1, thus providing important tools for understanding modes of action and subsequently countering these toxins via experimental vaccines or therapeutics. This review succinctly presents the pathogenic ways of S. aureus, with a toxic twist. There will be a particular focus upon the biological and biochemical properties of, plus current neutralization strategies targeting, staphylcoccocal superantigens like the SEs and TSST-1.

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“…Some Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotypes are known to produce the superantigen of YPM, which causes non‐specific activation of T‐cells by direct interaction with both MHC class II molecules and the variable region of the T‐cell antigen receptor. The polyclonal activation of T‐cells by YPM results in the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to systemic damage, such as Kawasaki disease, reactive arthritis and interstitial nephritis 2–4 . It has been suggested that the difference of clinical manifestations between Far Eastern patients, including the Japanese, and European patients might be associated with YPM, or the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute encephalopathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Kono¹,

Kamei²,

Ogura³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics International

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We report the case of a 28-month-old boy with encephalopathy and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis possibly associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp) infection. He was transferred to our center because of impairment of renal function and altered consciousness. He had fever for 5 days after recurrent vomiting and diarrhea. Computed tomography scan was normal, but electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses showed generalized slow wave patterns. Continuous hemodialysis was undergone and then his renal function was improved, but altered consciousness persisted. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed abnormally low signals at entire field, which suggested that he was suffered from encephalopathy. Phenobarbital administration and post-encephalopathy rehabilitation were started, and he recovered in fully premorbid state with normal EEG and SPECT findings on the 33rd hospital day. Various bacterial cultures were negative, but both Yp antibody and Yp-derived mitogen (YPM) antibody, the antibody of a specific Yp exotoxin, had an extremely high titer. This is the first report of encephalopathy potentially caused by Yp, indicated by the presence of a high Yp and YPM antibody titer.

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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Superantigens

Cited by 9 publications

References 52 publications

Aetiological Significance of Infectious Stimuli in Kawasaki Disease

Aetiological Significance of Infectious Stimuli in Kawasaki Disease

Staphylococcus aureus: The Toxic Presence of a Pathogen Extraordinaire

Acute encephalopathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

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