Yellowstone after Wolves

Smith, Douglas W.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Houston, Douglas B.

doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0330:yaw]2.0.co;2

Cited by 383 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In terrestrial systems, several studies documented shifts in diet and habitat use by smaller, less competitive predators as a result of interference competition from top predators (Major & Sherburne 1987, Cypher & Spencer 1998, Durant 1998, Kitchen et al 1999, Smith et al 2003. For example, cheetahs Acynonix jubatus on the Serengeti plains use areas of lower prey density to avoid competition with lions Panthera leo and hyenas Crocuta crocuta in both time and space (Durant 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much like Steller sea lions and harbor seals, wolves and coyotes have high dietary overlap and use similar habitat types. In addition, coyotes are occasionally killed by wolves (Smith et al 2003). It is unclear, however, what portion of coyote declines in YNP can be attributed directly to mortality from wolf encounters versus emigration to avoid competition and risk of predation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of bottom-up control of diet driven by top-down processes in a declining harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi population

Herreman¹,

Blundell²,

Ben‐David³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Two mechanisms of population control dominate most biological systems: bottom-up and top-down regulation. It is possible, however, that top-down mediation may lead to bottom-up control of a population if predators simultaneously compete for the same prey. Harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi populations in Glacier Bay (GB) and Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, have declined drastically since the 1970s, with PWS recently stabilizing and GB continuing to decline. Hypotheses for the declines include both bottom-up and top-down processes. We hypothesized that increased competition and predation risk are causing harbor seals in GB to forage on lower quality prey. We combined analyses of prey remains in scat and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in blood and hair to compare seal diets in these areas. Seal diets in GB and PWS varied spatially and temporally due to changes in resource availability and sexual segregation. Adults showed clear divergence in diet during specific times of the year in both areas. Sexual segregation of diet in GB was most prevalent during spring and fall, while in PWS segregation was greatest during late summer. Diet of seals in PWS showed annual variation not found in GB, likely following prey cycles. In GB during summer, all seals switched to a diet with a lower fat content, including more intertidal/ demersal species such as rockfish and sculpin. This switch coincided with an increase in competitors and predators entering GB. The change in diet, combined with higher emigration of harbor seals out of GB, suggest that increased competition and risk of predation may contribute to overall population declines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of bottom-up control of diet driven by top-down processes in a declining harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi population

Herreman¹,

Blundell²,

Ben‐David³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Furthermore, found that the combined effects of fire disturbance, changes in elk density and predation risk, and decreased herbivory following wolf reintroduction likely facilitated the growth of young aspen. Additionally, the presence of the wolves in Yellowstone Park has also reduced the coyote population, which could favor other mesopredators (Smith et al 2003) and alter the whole predator community. Thus, as a general conceptual model, the landscape of fear has had relatively good predictive power in this well documented example.…”

Section: Why Quantify the Landscape Of Fear: A Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Landscape of Fear: Ecological Implications of Being Afraid~!2009-09-09~!2009-11-16~!2010-02-02~!

Laundré¹,

Hernández²,

Ripple³

2010

TOECOLJ

634

540

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"Predation risk" and "fear" are concepts well established in animal behavior literature. We expand these concepts to develop the model of the "landscape of fear". The landscape of fear represents relative levels of predation risk as peaks and valleys that reflect the level of fear of predation a prey experiences in different parts of its area of use. We provide observations in support of this model regarding changes in predation risk with respect to habitat types, and terrain characteristics. We postulate that animals have the ability to learn and can respond to differing levels of predation risk. We propose that the landscape of fear can be quantified with the use of well documented existing methods such as givingup densities, vigilance observations, and foraging surveys of plants. We conclude that the landscape of fear is a useful visual model and has the potential to become a unifying ecological concept.

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“…The same would be true of the degree and influence of mutualistic relationships such as those between flowering plants and their pollinators (e.g., Muchhala & Jarrín-V., 2002) or between plants with fruits attractive to birds, monkeys, or bats and their vertebrate dispersers (Palacios & Rodriguez, 2001;Rodríguez-Cabal et al, 2007). Predators can exert top-down influences with landscape consequences (Ripple et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2003;Schmitz, 2008).…”

Section: Landscape Ecology In the Andesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Andean Land Use and Biodiversity: Humanized Landscapes in a Time of Change

Young¹

2009

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

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Yellowstone after Wolves

Cited by 383 publications

References 17 publications

Evidence of bottom-up control of diet driven by top-down processes in a declining harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi population

Evidence of bottom-up control of diet driven by top-down processes in a declining harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi population

The Landscape of Fear: Ecological Implications of Being Afraid~!2009-09-09~!2009-11-16~!2010-02-02~!

Andean Land Use and Biodiversity: Humanized Landscapes in a Time of Change

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