Yellow maize with high β-carotene is an effective source of vitamin A in healthy Zimbabwean men

Muzhingi, Tawanda; Grusak, Michael A.; Gadaga, T.H.; Siwela, Andrew H.; Russell, Robert M.; Tang, Guangwen

doi:10.4016/32507.01

Cited by 35 publications

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“…Zimbabwean men eating 300 g cooked high carotenoid maize received 40-50 % of the adult vitamin A US RDA (28) . For golden rice with 20-30 μg β-carotene/g tissue, 100 g rice would provide 500-800 μg retinol representing 80-90 % of the estimated average requirements for men and 55-70 % of the estimated daily average requirement (RDA) for women.…”

Section: How Much Of the Biofortified Food Should The Consumer Eat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?

et al. 2015

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The focus of the review paper is to discuss how biotechnological innovations are opening new frontiers to mitigate nutrition in key agricultural crops with potential for large-scale health impact to people in Africa. The general objective of the Africa Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) project is to develop and deploy sorghum with enhanced pro-vitamin A to farmers and end-users in Africa to alleviate vitamin A-related micronutrient deficiency diseases. To achieve this objective the project technology development team has developed several promising high pro-vitamin A sorghum events. ABS 203 events are so far the most advanced and well-characterised lead events with about 12 μg β-carotene/g tissue which would supply about 40-50 % of the daily recommended vitamin A at harvest. Through gene expression optimisation other events with higher amounts of pro-vitamin A, including ABS 214, ABS 235, ABS 239 with 25, 30-40, 40-50 μg β-carotene/g tissue, respectively, have been developed. ABS 239 would provide twice recommended pro-vitamin A at harvest, 50-90 % after 3 months storage and 13-45 % after 6 months storage for children. Preliminary results of introgression of ABS pro-vitamin A traits into local sorghum varieties in target countries Nigeria and Kenya show stable introgression of ABS vitamin A into local farmer-preferred sorghums varieties. ABS gene Intellectual Property Rights and Freedom to Operate have been donated for use royalty free for Africa. Prior to the focus on the current target countries, the project was implemented by fourteen institutions in Africa and the USA. For the next 5 years, the project will complete ABS product development, complete regulatory science data package and apply for product deregulation in target African countries.

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Section: How Much Of the Biofortified Food Should The Consumer Eat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?

et al. 2015

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“…Biofortifi ed maize genotypes have been fed to Zambian children with quick adaptation periods [44,45]. Further, single test meals of biofortifi ed maize had a favorable bioconversion factor [3.2 ± 1.5 μg β-carotene equivalents to 1 μg of retinol] in Zimbabwean men using the stable isotope reference method [46]. Genotypes of crops, however, can give different bioconversion factors [43]; therefore, crops that are close to commercialization should be tested with VALID methods in the people who will benefi t from consumption of biofortifi ed foods.…”

Section: Methods To Improve Global Vitamin a Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of Vitamin A Isotope Methods for Status Assessment: From Deficiency through Excess

Tanumihardjo

2014

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

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A variety of methods exist to assess vitamin A status of groups and populations. Vitamin A status is usually defi ned by the liver retinol concentration. Most indicators of status do not measure or estimate liver stores of retinol. Clinical signs only have utility when liver reserves are almost exhausted, and serum retinol concentrations have utility in the zone of overt defi ciency. Dose response tests offer more coverage, but cannot distinguish among liver vitamin A stores in the adequate through toxic range. Different countries continue, or are beginning, to add preformed vitamin A to a variety of staple foods through fortifi cation, and vitamin A supplements are still being distributed in many countries, especially to preschool children. Further, provitamin A biofortifi ed crops are currently being released in several countries. Assessing population vitamin A status in response to these interventions needs to move beyond serum retinol concentrations. Indicators that work in the excessive to toxic range of liver reserves are needed. To date, the only indirect indicator that has been validated in this range of liver reserves in animals and humans is the retinol isotope dilution test using deuterium or 13 C, which spans the entire liver reserve continuum from defi ciency through excess.

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“…The conversion of Golden Rice β-carotene to retinol was 3.8 to 1 in US adults [20] and 2.3 to 1 in Chinese children [19]. The conversion of maize β-carotene was 3.2 to 1 in Zimbabwean adults [21].…”

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confidence: 95%

“…The conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A is dose [23] & age dependent [17,18,21]. The effi cacy of vitamin A conversion from plant foods rich in β-carotene-natural (spinach, carrots, spirulina), hybridized (high β-carotene yellow maize, sweet potato, cassava, and banana), and bioengineered (Golden Rice)-have shown promising results.…”

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“…To estimate the effi ciency of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, an isotope reference method has been developed and used to evaluate the bioconversion of pure β-carotene [16] and β-carotene in each of spinach, carrots [17], spirulina [18], Golden Rice [19,20], and yellow maize [21]. The isotope reference method has used intrinsic labeling with the targeted enrichment profi le of the provitamin A in the plant food, and synthetic isotope labeled vitamin A as a reference dose.…”

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Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

Tang

2014

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

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Abstract:Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specifi c foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent defi ciency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.Key words: stable isotopes, vitamin A, provitamin A carotenoids, β-carotene, intrinsic labeling, bio absorption, bio conversion Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for humans. The human body obtains vitamin A from preformed vitamin A through foods of animal origin or from provitamin A carotenoids through foods of plant origin. Plant provitamin A carotenoids in foods have to be processed, cooked, absorbed and converted to vitamin A in the human body, which are the factors affecting the vitamin A value of the plant provitamin A carotenoids. Therefore, it is of importance to quantitatively determine the conversion effi ciency of plant provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A, specifi cally the vitamin A value of a plant food. In 1930, Moore discovered that provitamin β-carotene can convert to vitamin A [1]. Since then, the vitamin A value of provitamin A carotenoids has been investigated through many approaches involving various technologies. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over the last 80 years following this discovery of the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the development of various techniques including stable isotope technologies to determine the vitamin A values of plant provitamin A.In 1980, the Recommended Dietary Allowances [2] stated that "Although the enzymatic conversion of

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Yellow maize with high β-carotene is an effective source of vitamin A in healthy Zimbabwean men

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?

Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?

Usefulness of Vitamin A Isotope Methods for Status Assessment: From Deficiency through Excess

Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

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