Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020–2021

Diagne, Moussa Moïse; Ndione, Marie Henriette Dior; Gaye, Alioune; Barry, Mamadou Aliou; Diallo, Diawo; Diallo, Amadou; Mwakibete, Lusajo; Diop, Mamadou; Ndiaye, El Hadji; Ahyong, Vida; Diouf, Babacar; Mhamadi, Moufid; Diagne, Cheikh Tidiane; Danfakha, Fodé; Diop, Boly; Faye, Oumar; Loucoubar, Cheikh; Fall, Gamou; Tato, Cristina M.; Sall, Amadou Alpha; Weaver, Scott C.; Diallo, Mawlouth

doi:10.3390/v13081475

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For instance, despite the availability of yellow fever (YF) vaccine, there are still outbreaks in Africa. In Senegal, YFV was detected in 2015, 2020, and 2021 [ 18 ]. From 2016 to 2017, Angola, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of Congo witnessed the re-emergence of YF [ 29 , 64 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa

Nanfack-Minkeu

Wanji²,

Yadouleton³

et al. 2022

VirusDis.

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Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) replicate in vertebrates and invertebrates and are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. Between 2000 and 2021, several arbovirus outbreaks were recorded in African countries, including dengue, yellow fever, Chikungunya, Zika, and O’nyong nyong. Most often, the causes and factors involved in these outbreaks are unknown. We aimed to understand current knowledge regarding factors responsible for the persistent transmission and emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa and to identify critical research gaps important for preventing future outbreaks. We used a systematic literature review between 2020 and 2021, to show that the main identified factors favoring the arbovirus outbreak in Africa are low vaccination coverage, high density and diversity of competent mosquitoes, insecticide resistance of mosquito vectors, and a scarcity of data on arboviruses. Further studies on arboviruses may include studies of competence to viral strains and the susceptibility of mosquito vectors to insecticides. Because of the detrimental effects of insecticides on human health and the environment, viral paratransgenesis and other biological control methods should be explored as alternatives or as supplements to insecticides. Graphical abstract Illustration of factors identified for promoting the transmission of arbovirus in Africa. The main factors are the lack of drugs and vaccines, low coverage of vaccination when a vaccine exists, competence of mosquitoes to viruses, diversity and high density of vectors. Climate change, urbanization, deforestation and agricultural practices, lead to a richness and high density of vectors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa

Nanfack-Minkeu

Wanji²,

Yadouleton³

et al. 2022

VirusDis.

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“…Only five articles reported the detection of YFV in individually tested mosquitoes with prevalence ranging from 0.0 to 12.0%. The mosquito species that were positive for YFV included Aedes aegypti, Aedes africanus, Aedes centropunctatus, Aedes dalzieli, Aedes furcifer, Aedes Luteocephalus, Aedes mcintoshi, Aedes taylori, Aedes vittatus, and Anopheles funestus [29,39,41,42,46]. All studies involving mosquitoes were detection of the PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES ongoing presence of YFV either by virus isolation or RT-PCR.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Yellow Fever Virus In Mosquitoes Non-human Pri...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of yellow fever virus in humans, arthropods, and non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Yellow fever (YF) has re-emerged in the last two decades causing several outbreaks in endemic countries and spreading to new receptive regions. This changing epidemiology of YF creates new challenges for global public health efforts. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) that circulates between humans, the mosquito vector, and non-human primates (NHP). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we review and analyse data on the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of YFV in humans, and on the prevalence of YFV in arthropods, and NHP in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, African Journal Online, and African Index Medicus databases. We included studies reporting data on the CFR and/or prevalence of YFV. Extracted data was verified and analysed using the random effect meta-analysis. We conducted subgroup, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analyses using the random effect meta-analysis while I2 statistic was employed to determine heterogeneity. This review was registered with PROSPERO under the identification CRD42021242444. The final meta-analysis included 55 studies. The overall case fatality rate due to YFV was 31.1% (18.3–45.4) in humans and pooled prevalence of YFV infection was 9.4% (6.9–12.2) in humans. Only five studies in West and East Africa detected the YFV in mosquito species of the genus Aedes and in Anopheles funestus. In NHP, YFV antibodies were found only in members of the Cercopithecidae family. Our analysis provides evidence on the ongoing circulation of the YFV in humans, Aedes mosquitoes and NHP in SSA. These observations highlight the ongoing transmission of the YFV and its potential to cause large outbreaks in SSA. As such, strategies such as those proposed by the WHO’s Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) initiative are urgently needed to control and prevent yellow fever outbreaks in SSA.

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“…In 2020, WHO notified 3426 YF suspected cases in Nigeria of which 145 were confirmed by the regional reference laboratory (RRL) located at the Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD). During the same period, YF cases were confirmed in Guinea and in Senegal 12 . The serological diagnosis of YF infection is usually done using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) directed against YFV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance assessment and validation of a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in support to yellow fever diagnostic and vaccine clinical trials

Dia

Bob

Talla

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Yellow fever (YF) virus is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that circulates in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South America. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, YF remains a threat to travelers, residents of endemic areas, and unvaccinated populations. YF vaccination and natural infection both induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. Serological diagnostic methods detecting YF virus-specific antibodies demonstrate high levels of cross-reactivities with other flaviviruses. To date, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is the most specific serological test for the differentiation of flavivirus infections and is considered the reference method for detecting YF neutralizing antibodies and assessing the protective immune response following vaccination. In this study, we developed and validated a YF PRNT. We optimized different parameters including cell concentration and virus-serum neutralization time period and then assessed the intra-and inter-assay precisions, dilutability, specificity, and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) using international standard YF serum, sera from vaccinees and human specimens collected through YF surveillance. The YF PRNT has shown good robustness and 100% of intra-assay precision, 95.6% of inter-assay precision, 100% of specificity, 100% of LLOQ, and 95.3% of dilutability. The test is, therefore, suitable for use in the YF diagnostic as well as evaluation of the YF vaccine neutralizing antibody response and risk assessment studies.

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Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020–2021

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa

Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa

Epidemiology of yellow fever virus in humans, arthropods, and non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Performance assessment and validation of a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in support to yellow fever diagnostic and vaccine clinical trials

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