Yellow fever epidemics and mortality in the United States, 1693–1905

Patterson, Kerry

doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90255-o

Cited by 80 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Reviews listing 19th century YF epidemics (11, 20, 21) were used to identify periods labeled at the time as “YF epidemics” by medical personnel or organizations (20) and to locate primary-source documents about these epidemics. The case numbers or numbers of deaths from YF by population were sought in reading these primary sources.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Genetic Variation and Yellow Fever Mortality during 19th Century U.S. Epidemics

Blake

García-Blanco

2014

mBio

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We calculated the incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates for Caucasians and non-Caucasians during 19th century yellow fever (YF) epidemics in the United States and determined statistical significance for differences in the rates in different populations. We evaluated nongenetic host factors, including socioeconomic, environmental, cultural, demographic, and acquired immunity status that could have influenced these differences. While differences in incidence rates were not significant between Caucasians and non-Caucasians, differences in mortality and case fatality rates were statistically significant for all epidemics tested (P < 0.01). Caucasians diagnosed with YF were 6.8 times more likely to succumb than non-Caucasians with the disease. No other major causes of death during the 19th century demonstrated a similar mortality skew toward Caucasians. Nongenetic host factors were examined and could not explain these large differences. We propose that the remarkably lower case mortality rates for individuals of non-Caucasian ancestry is the result of human genetic variation in loci encoding innate immune mediators.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Genetic Variation and Yellow Fever Mortality during 19th Century U.S. Epidemics

Blake

García-Blanco

2014

mBio

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, Benjamin Rush suggested that "chocolate shells" were vectors for the disease [61]. It is thought, however, that during the 18th century yellow fever carrying mosquitoes arrived in North American eastern ports via cargo ships in water barrels, or from infected slaves from the Caribbean islands and South Africa [60]. Consequently port cities experienced the most severed yellow fever outbreaks, and southern ports with warmer climates endured the worst epidemics.…”

Section: Yellow Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yellow fever is not transmitted person to person; rather the infected mosquito must bite a person to transfer the disease. The Aedes aegypti (species associated with yellow fever) mosquito feeds when temperatures reach 15 -178C, and breeds in standing bodies of water [60]. This limits habitat to moist tropical regions.…”

Section: Yellow Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Medicinal Use of Chocolate in Early North America

Pucciarelli

Grivetti

2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The medicinal use of chocolate has a long history in North America dating back to the 16th century. From Mesoamerican Codices and European Treatises scholars have determined that for hundreds of years the beverage called chocolate was administered to the sick and prescribed homeopathically to prevent illness. Yet, little scholarship exists that focuses on medicinal chocolate usage in early North America (18th-19th century). This paper examines medical practices during this era and associated medicinal norms with special attention given to chocolate/cocoa usage. Given the current scientific attention on the relationship between dark chocolate consumption and heart disease attenuation it is timely to investigate and chronicle America's medical forebears' understanding of, and practices related to, the medicinal use of chocolate. Indeed, there is a significant amount of literature to suggest that chocolate was used for wellness and to treat illness.

show abstract

“…Later, in the clinical course, hepatic transformations often resemble nonspecific massive necrosis [12]. ExaminaUnited States in the past [22]. Our patient could have been a source of an outbreak of yellow fever since he traveled through tion of liver specimens obtained from our patient during autopsy demonstrated the classic findings of midzonal necrosis the southeastern United States at a time when he was infectious and mosquito activity was present.…”

Section: Postmortem Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imported Yellow Fever in a United States Citizen

et al. 1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The last imported case of yellow fever seen in this country was in 1924. We report a case of yellow fever acquired by an American tourist who visited the jungles of Brazil along the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers. The patient died 6 days after hospital admission and 10 days after his first symptoms appeared. Yellow fever virus was recovered from clinical specimens, and the isolate was genetically similar to the E genotype IIB of South American yellow fever viruses. This patient's illness represents a case of vaccine-preventable death since he failed to be immunized with a recommended preexposure yellow fever vaccine.

show abstract

Yellow fever epidemics and mortality in the United States, 1693–1905

Cited by 80 publications

References 6 publications

Human Genetic Variation and Yellow Fever Mortality during 19th Century U.S. Epidemics

Human Genetic Variation and Yellow Fever Mortality during 19th Century U.S. Epidemics

The Medicinal Use of Chocolate in Early North America

Imported Yellow Fever in a United States Citizen

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About