“…In addition to NMR spectroscopy, analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) and Fourier transform (FT) methods are also employed in wine metabolomics studies. Some of the separation techniques are used in tandem with mass spectrometry (MS) for its high selectivity and sensitivity as well as the potential to identify metabolites ( Abd Ghafar et al, 2020 , Karamanou and Aliferis, 2020 ). Combining a separation technique such as GC or LC with MS provides isobar separation, reduces the complexity of the mass spectra through metabolite separation in the time dimension, and delivers additional information on the physicochemical properties of the metabolites ( Dettmer et al, 2007 , Zeki et al, 2020 ).…”