Yeast oral vaccines against infectious diseases

Abstract

Vaccines that are delivered orally have several advantages over their counterparts that are administered via injection. Despite the advantages of oral delivery, however, approved oral vaccines are currently limited either to diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract or to pathogens that have a crucial life cycle stage in the gut. Moreover, all of the approved oral vaccines for these diseases involve live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This mini-review summarizes the potential and challenges of yeast oral vaccine delivery systems for animal and human infectious diseases. These delivery systems utilize whole yeast recombinant cells that are consumed orally to transport candidate antigens to the immune system of the gut. This review begins with a discussion of the challenges associated with oral administration of vaccines and the distinct benefits offered by whole yeast delivery systems over other delivery systems. It then surveys the emerging yeast oral vaccines that have been developed over the past decade to combat animal and human diseases. In recent years, several candidate vaccines have emerged that can elicit the necessary immune response to provide significant protection against challenge by pathogen. They serve as proof of principle to show that yeast oral vaccines hold much promise.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae oral immunization in mice using multi-antigen of the African swine fever virus elicits a robust immune response

“…The mucosal immune system comprises gut-associated and nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, which provide strong protection against microbial infections ( 55 ). While most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, injection route primarily target the peripheral immune system ( 56 ).…”

Oral Immunization with Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing Viral Capsid Protein 2 of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Induces Unique Specific Antibodies and Protective Immunity

“…Compared with other oral platforms, S. cerevisiae , as a delivery vehicle for oral vaccines, has several inherent advantages. They have been used in the fermentation of drink and food with GRAS status for thousands of years [ 36 ]. Furthermore, the yeast can remain for a relatively long time to ensure enough time is allocated for it to be processed and absorbed in the gut [ 37 ].…”

Understanding yeast shells: structure, properties and applications

“…For oral administration, it is necessary to consider the challenges related to low pH, bile salts, and digestive enzymes [ 91 ], besides ensuring adequate tissue absorption and targeting [ 11 ]. The use of YS overcomes most of these adversities.…”