“…Intact cells have been employed for the encapsulation of terpenes (limonene, linalool and carvone [ 31 ]), perfumes [ 44 ], cryoprotectants [ 85 ], water-insoluble drugs (Itraconazole fenofibrate [ 86 ] and econazole nitrate [ 67 ]), orange peel essential oil [ 42 , 87 ], and antioxidants (α-tocopherol [ 88 ]). Although the process works in the absence of additional treatments, several comparative studies have demonstrated that encapsulation in intact cells is less efficient than that in plasmolyzed (see next section) ones; this has been shown with a variety of actives (e.g., purslane seed oil [ 89 ], cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) [ 90 ], barberine [ 91 ] and curcumin [ 92 , 93 ]). It is noteworthy, however, that the definition of ‘intact’ cells does not necessarily refer to the actual state of their barrier structures, for example, in the encapsulation of limonene in an inert-gas concentrated powder system, Errenst et al used spent yeast from brewing processes, which is likely to have undergone significant autolysis [ 94 ], while in a previous study of ours, we used cells directly from different stages of culture (log or stationary phase) [ 31 ].…”