Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018

Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City

“…The daily concentrations of ƩNPAHs ranged from 2.12 to 22.3 pg/m 3 , with an average of 9.98 ± 5.75 pg/m 3 . The concentration level of ƩNPAHs was much lower than that of ƩPAHs in this study, which is also consistent with results from the urban cities listed above [ 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Among the three NPAHs, 2-NFR had the highest average concentration (7.75 ± 4.59 pg/m 3 ), making up 72% to 84% of the daily ƩNPAHs, followed by 1-NP (1.77 ± 1.02 pg/m 3 ), which constituted 11% to 21% of the daily ƩNPAHs during the sampling period ( Table 1 ). Additionally, consistent with previous studies, the concentration of 2-NFR was higher than those of 1-NP and 2-NP; of these NPAH types, 2-NFR and 2-NP are secondarily generated [ 30 , 48 , 49 ].…”

“…Table 1 summarizes the concentrations of PAHs, NPAHs, and WSIIs in Kirishima during the sampling period. The daily concentrations of ƩPAHs ranged from 0.36 to 2.90 ng/m 3 , with an average of 1.32 ± 0.71 ng/m 3 ; this level is comparable to those from other Japanese commercial cities such as Sapporo (1.79 ng/m 3 ) and Sagamihara (1.83 ng/m 3 ) in winter 2013 [ 34 ] and Kanazawa (1.00 ng/m 3 ) in winter 2018 [ 35 ], but lower than those from other Asian cities such as Shanghai, China in winter 2018 (7.72 ng/m 3 ) [ 30 ], Beijing, China in winter 2015 (264 ng/m 3 ) [ 36 ], Shenyang, China in winter from 2012 to 2014 (65.7–244 ng/m 3 ) [ 37 ], and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in winter 2017 (131–773 ng/m 3 ) [ 38 ]. The daily concentrations of ƩNPAHs ranged from 2.12 to 22.3 pg/m 3 , with an average of 9.98 ± 5.75 pg/m 3 .…”

“…Then, the solution was concentrated to 100 µL, and ethanol was added to bring the concentrated residue up to 1 mL. After pretreatment, nine PAHs and three NPAHs were separately detected by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence detection system [ 30 ]. The WSIIs in PM 2.5 samples were ultrasonically extracted in ultrapure water.…”

Comparative Analysis of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan

“…The PM 2.5 samples were twice subjected to ultrasonic extraction after the addition of internal standards (pyrene-d 10 (Pyr-d 10 ), benzo[a]pyrene-d 12 (BaP-d 12 ), and 2-fluoro-7-nitrofluorene (FNF)), thereafter washed with NaOH (5% w/v), H 2 SO 4 (20% v/v) and distilled water successively, and then concentrated before high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu Inc. Kyoto, Japan) was conducted with a fluorescence detection system to detect nine PM-bound PAHs (fluoranthene (FR), Pyr, benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), BaP, benzo[ghi]perylene (BgPe), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IDP)) and three PM-bound NPAHs (1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 2-nitropyrene (2-NP), and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR)) ( Table S1, Supplementary Materials) [30]. The PM 2.5 samples were also subjected to ultrasonic extraction by ultrapure water before ion chromatography (883 Basic IC plus, Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland) was performed to detect nine WSIIs (sodium (Na + ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), potassium (K + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), chloride (Cl − ), sulfate (SO 4 2-), nitrate (NO 3 − ), bromine (Br − )) ( Table S1, Supplementary Materials) [31].…”