Yankee Stonecutters

Gardner, Albert Teneyck

doi:10.7312/gard94690

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…As outlined previously in the cases of both gold (3,7) and silver (8) the effective oxidizing (or oxygen donating) agents in this type of reaction appear to be low coverage hydrous oxide species; the objective of the present investigation is to extend this approach to platinum. A review of hydrous oxide materials was published recently (9); the study of the noble metal compounds in this category enjoyed a minor boom following the report of their electrochromic behavior, especially in the case of iridium (10). Although they can be produced in thick film form, elucidation of composition and structure has proved difficult due to their hyperextended, frequently amorphous, character.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Current Interruption Technique Designed for Large‐Area Industrial Electrochemical Cells

Soares

Kleinke

Teschke

1989

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A method has been developed for measuring IR-free potentials of electrodes of full-size electrolytic cells. It consists of interrupting the current on a small fraction of the working electrode only, called the probe electrode, and measuring the potential difference between probe electrode and reference eldctrode. The working and probe electrodes are kept at the same potential for most of the operation time by an external connection. The results of the measurements were compared to those obtained by the standard current interruption technique. The agreement was better than 15 mV for the cathode voltage and 10 mV for anode voltage at a current of 400 mA/cm 2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Current Interruption Technique Designed for Large‐Area Industrial Electrochemical Cells

Soares

Kleinke

Teschke

1989

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The yield of bromohydrin from Eq. [2] and [6] is above 90% at bromide ion concentrations less than 0.1M (28). Bromohydrin can be quantitatively converted to oxide because the rate difference between oxide and glycol formation is large (35).…”

Section: Br Br (Dibromide)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic side reactions occur from the reaction of bromine and propylene, since the bromonium ion intermediate is available for nucleophiles other than water. The major by-product is propyL ene dibromide Br + Br CH3CHCH2Br + Br--~ CH~CH--CH2Br [6] The relative proportion of bromohydrin to dibromide depends in a nonlinear manner upon the concentration of bromide ion (28). Bromohydrin may serve as the nucleophile to yield dibromo-isopropyl ether at trace levels.…”

Section: Br Br (Dibromide)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current efficiency for propylene oxide is the product of four terms: the current efficiencies for the production of bromine and hydroxide ion, the yield of bromohydrin produced from bromine by the parallel reactions of Eq. [2] and [6], and the yield of oxide produced from bromohydrin by Eq. [4].…”

Section: Br Br (Dibromide)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Back reaction produced the 30 to 50% product current efficiencies initially reported for APAV syntheses (4,5). Patents have cited over 90% product current efficiencies for the APAV electrosynthesis of organic disulfides (6) and organo-lead compounds (7,8). In the APAV electrosynthesis of propylene oxide, back reaction of soluble electrogenerated bromine at polarity reversal was the major factor in lowering the synthesis current efficiency from 100% to 80% (9).…”

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confidence: 91%

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Mass Transfer Requirements for Alternating Polarity, Alternating Voltage Synthesis

Lisius

Hart

1991

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Operation of electrosynthesis reactors with 60 Hz transmission power modulates the electrode potential as a sine wave with no dc offset voltage. Alternating polarity alternating voltage (APAV) describes the synthesis because an electrode changes polarity every half cycle. In APAV electrosynthesis, products from electrode reactions must be removed from the electrode to prevent back reaction and loss of net current efficiency before the next half-cycle. An experimental study was made of the bromine current efficiency in the indirect electrosynthesis of alkene oxides. Reduction of soluble electrogenerated bromine at polarity reversal decreased the current efficiency for the production of bromine. High mass transfer, rapid homogeneous reaction, and low current density conditions produced high bromine current efficiencies. Bromine current efficiency was correlated as a function of three dimensionless numbers incorporating the homogeneous reaction rate constant, mass transfer coefficient, frequency, average current density, and exchange current density. A mass transfer criterion predicted process conditions required to produce bromine at 95% current efficiency. The correlations were applied to determine the suitability of a candidate chemical pathway for APAV electrosynthesis. Electrogenerated species in direct and indirect syntheses can be produced at 95% current efficiency with km/(D~) ~ above 5.6. Electrogenerated species in indirect syntheses with rapid homogeneous reactions can be produced at 50 to 95% current efficiency with 0.

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Nelson¹

2015

A Companion to American Art

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Yankee Stonecutters

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

A New Current Interruption Technique Designed for Large‐Area Industrial Electrochemical Cells

A New Current Interruption Technique Designed for Large‐Area Industrial Electrochemical Cells

Mass Transfer Requirements for Alternating Polarity, Alternating Voltage Synthesis

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