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Grosvenor, William; Kaulin, Yuri A.; Spielman, Andrew I.; Bayley, Douglas L.; Kalinoski, D. Lynn; Teeter, John H.; Brand, Joseph G.

doi:10.1186/1471-2202-5-25

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…Generation of antisera directed against N-terminal peptide of mouse T1R3 has been described previously [33]. Lingual tissue blocks containing cat circumvallate and fungiform papillae were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 2–6 h, then processed [40]. The antibodies were incubated with the sections (10 μm/section) for 60 h at 4 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar

et al. 2005

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Although domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) possess an otherwise functional sense of taste, they, unlike most mammals, do not prefer and may be unable to detect the sweetness of sugars. One possible explanation for this behavior is that cats lack the sensory system to taste sugars and therefore are indifferent to them. Drawing on work in mice, demonstrating that alleles of sweet-receptor genes predict low sugar intake, we examined the possibility that genes involved in the initial transduction of sweet perception might account for the indifference to sweet-tasting foods by cats. We characterized the sweet-receptor genes of domestic cats as well as those of other members of the Felidae family of obligate carnivores, tiger and cheetah. Because the mammalian sweet-taste receptor is formed by the dimerization of two proteins (T1R2 and T1R3; gene symbols Tas1r2 and Tas1r3), we identified and sequenced both genes in the cat by screening a feline genomic BAC library and by performing PCR with degenerate primers on cat genomic DNA. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR of taste tissue, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The cat Tas1r3 gene shows high sequence similarity with functional Tas1r3 genes of other species. Message from Tas1r3 was detected by RT-PCR of taste tissue. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that Tas1r3 is expressed, as expected, in taste buds. However, the cat Tas1r2 gene shows a 247-base pair microdeletion in exon 3 and stop codons in exons 4 and 6. There was no evidence of detectable mRNA from cat Tas1r2 by RT-PCR or in situ hybridization, and no evidence of protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Tas1r2 in tiger and cheetah and in six healthy adult domestic cats all show the similar deletion and stop codons. We conclude that cat Tas1r3 is an apparently functional and expressed receptor but that cat Tas1r2 is an unexpressed pseudogene. A functional sweet-taste receptor heteromer cannot form, and thus the cat lacks the receptor likely necessary for detection of sweet stimuli. This molecular change was very likely an important event in the evolution of the cat's carnivorous behavior.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar

et al. 2005

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“…91 In contrast, the brains of aged humans (mean age of 74) demonstrated increased Col IV accumulation in the BM of cerebral microvessels compared to those of controls (mean age of 39). 89 These data underscore the difficulties in making quantitative assessments of ECM changes in the BM.…”

Section: Collagen IVmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is also noted that specific brain regions demonstrate differential changes in BM ECM with aging in both mouse and humans. [89][90][91] Changes with AD are likely similar to that of aging, with a general increase in BM thickening, but accurate assessment is again complicated by the regional changes that are a foundation of AD progression and classification. 92 AD patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) provide additional difficulty in the study.…”

Section: Basement Membrane Ecmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…106,107 One would predict that neurodegeneration should be accompanied by increased deposition of Col IV reflecting stress on the vasculature that enhances the deposition of BM proteins. 89 Early studies in transgenic models of AD reported BM thickening with increased collagen content. 108,109 Similarly, the brains of 11-month-old triple (APP × PS1 × Tau) transgenic mice showed decreased cerebrovascular volume, higher levels of Col IV and increased basement membrane thickness.…”

Section: Col IV Changes In Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The extracellular matrix of the blood–brain barrier: structural and functional roles in health, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease

2019

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There is increasing interest in defining the location, content, and role of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in brain structure and function during development, aging, injury, and neurodegeneration. Studies in vivo confirm brain ECM has a dynamic composition with constitutive and induced alterations that impact subsequent cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, it is clear that for any given ECM component, the brain region, and cell type within that location, determines the direction, magnitude, and composition of those changes. This review will examine the ECM at the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the NVU. The discussion will begin at the glycocalyx ECM on the luminal surface of the vasculature, and progress to the abluminal side with a focus on changes in basement membrane ECM during aging and neurodegeneration.

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“…Purine 5′-nucleotides may activate different taste receptors than glutamate in rats [49]. Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) taste receptors for some L-amino acids behave as ligand-gated ion channel receptors [50–53], and combinations of T1R2+3 function as L-amino acid receptors in medaka fish ( Olyzias latipes ) and zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) [262]. …”

Section: Sweet and Umami Tastementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Taste Receptors

Bachmanov¹,

Bosak²,

Lin³

et al. 2014

CPD

168

149

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Taste receptors function as one of the interfaces between internal and external milieus. Taste receptors for sweet and umami (T1R [taste receptor, type 1]), bitter (T2R [taste receptor, type 2]), and salty (ENaC [epithelial sodium channel]) have been discovered in the recent years, but transduction mechanisms of sour taste and ENaC-independent salt taste are still poorly understood. In addition to these five main taste qualities, the taste system detects such noncanonical “tastes” as water, fat, and complex carbohydrates, but their reception mechanisms require further research. Variations in taste receptor genes between and within vertebrate species contribute to individual and species differences in taste-related behaviors. These variations are shaped by evolutionary forces and reflect species adaptations to their chemical environments and feeding ecology. Principles of drug discovery can be applied to taste receptors as targets in order to develop novel taste compounds to satisfy demand in better artificial sweeteners, enhancers of sugar and sodium taste, and blockers of bitterness of food ingredients and oral medications.

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Untitled

Cited by 14 publications

References 55 publications

Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar

Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar

The extracellular matrix of the blood–brain barrier: structural and functional roles in health, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease

Genetics of Taste Receptors

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