Y chromosome sequence DNA amplified from peripheral blood of women in early pregnancy

Thomas, M. R.; Williamson, Robert; Craft, Ian; Yazdani, Nahid; Rodeck, CH

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91248-3

Cited by 105 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, this report shows that fetal cell DNA can also persist within the liver long after pregnancy. Moreover, it is not the duration between birth and analysis that determines positivity of fetal cell DNA, because there is no difference in this value between Y-chromosomepositive and -negative individuals.…”

Section: Fig 2 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal microchimerism alone does not contribute to the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis

et al. 1999

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Microchimerism has been implicated in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. It has also been implicated in the induction/maintenance of fetal tolerance. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to determine whether microchimerism occurred in patients who subsequently developed primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and thus may be involved in its etiology. We performed PCR amplification of sequences unique to both the X and Y chromosomes from the livers of 37 women with PBC and 39 female controls using WAVE technology; a very sensitive technology based on an ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system. All patients were known to have had at least 1 son and it was confirmed that PBC was diagnosed after the birth of the son. Data were analyzed for both detection of the Y chromosome gene and the ratio of the yield of the Y chromosome PCR products to the X chromosome. The prevalence of Y chromosome detection in PBC was 26 of 37 (70%) compared with 28 of 39 (72%) in controls, and the ratio of Y chromosome to X chromosome was similar between the PBC and control groups, 0.402 ؎ 0.143 vs. 0.271 ؎ 0.055, respectively. Our results, using our more sensitive technology, showed that microchimerism is a very common event in human liver and supported the thesis that this may contribute to the induction/maintenance of fetal tolerance. However, although we cannot exclude the possibility that select fetal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes might contribute to disease susceptibility, our data suggest that microchimerism by itself does not play a significant role in the development of PBC. (HEPATOLOGY 1999;30:833-838.)

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Section: Fig 2 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal microchimerism alone does not contribute to the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis

et al. 1999

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“…In 1989, Lo et al [27] were the fi rst to show that the Y-chromosome-specifi c sequence from a male fetus could be amplifi ed from blood samples of pregnant women by PCR amplification based on male showed that an increased number of pregnancies had a positive effect on the chance of detecting fetal cells (χ 2 = 3.6, χ DNA. Subsequently, this technique was used to determine when fetal-cell DNA fi rst appeared in the peripheral blood of pregnant women, how long fetal cells survived in the host, and the frequency of microchimerism in women with a male fetus [28,29] . FISH allows for direct visualization of nuclei bearing X and Y chromosomes, which identifies male cells with specificity and allows for the localization and morphologic assessment of the microchimeric cells [30] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal cell microchimerism in the maternal mouse spinal cord

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2013

Neurosci. Bull.

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Fetal cell microchimerism refers to the persistence of fetal cells in the maternal tissues following pregnancy. It has been detected in peripheral organs and the brain, but its existence in the spinal cord has not been reported. Our aim was to detect fetal cell microchimerism in the spinal cord of maternal mice. C57BL/6 female mice were crossed with GFP transgenic male mice and sacrificed after their first or third delivery. GFP-positive cells, which were presumably from fetuses whose fathers were GFP transgenic, were detected in the spinal cord by fl uorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. PCR was also performed to detect GFP DNA, which must come from GFP hemizygous fetuses. We found GFP-positive cells and detectable GFP DNA in most of the maternal spinal cords. Twenty percent (1/5) of the mice that were only pregnant once had detectable fetal cells, while 80% (4/5) of those that were pregnant three times had detectable fetal cells. Some fetal cells, which not only emitted green fluorescence but also expressed NeuN, were detected in the spinal cords from maternal mice. These results indicate that fetal cells migrate into the spinal cord of a maternal mouse during and/or after the gestational period, and the fetal cells may differentiate into neurons in the spinal cord.

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“…In these studies, the Y chromosome sequences were detected as early as 15 to 16 weeks 7 or 9 weeks, 6 and even as early as 6 weeks of gestation. 5 In 1994, Thomas et al 8 took advantage of the availability of serial blood samples from women who became pregnant through in vitro fertilization to address the question of when fetal-cell DNA would first appear in the peripheral blood of pregnant women. They showed that the Y chromosomal sequences from male fetuses were detectable in the maternal blood as early as gestational ages of 4 weeks 5 days and 5 weeks 5 days.…”

Section: Detection Of Fetal Microchimerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal microchimerisms in the mother: Immunologic implications

et al. 2000

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The previously held concept that the fetus is completely separated from the mother, especially by trophoblasts that line the outer layer of the placenta, has recently been questioned. It has recently been shown that fetal cells are detectable not only in the peripheral blood, but also in maternal skin and liver. Although the migration of fetal cells into the maternal circulation has been given a great deal of attention because of its implication in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases, the potential role of such placental transfer of fetal cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has only recently been considered. In patients with scleroderma, fetal cell-derived DNA was detected more frequently in the peripheral blood of patients than controls. This finding of a limited number of fetal cells in maternal tissues leading to microchimerism has been proposed to have a role in the induction of scleroderma. Although evidence for microchimerism has also been confirmed in a high frequency of liver tissues from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a similar high frequency was noted in control patients, which suggests that microchimerism by itself is unlikely to fully account for the pathogenesis of PBC. The finding of such a high frequency of fetal microchimerism in the liver suggests that this is a very common event, raising the possibility that the migration of fetal cells may be important in the induction and subsequent maintenance of tolerance against the fetus during pregnancy. In addition, it is clearly possible that such microchimerism could contribute to the pathogenesis of select autoimmune diseases. Copyright 2000 by the American Association for the Study of Liver DiseasesA lthough the fetus in the uterus is sequestered from the mother by the placenta, this is not a mechanically complete barrier. Several examples show that fetal cells migrating into the maternal body can be found in such tissues as blood and skin. Fetal-derived DNA can be detected in maternal peripheral blood at early stages of gestation and persist long after pregnancy. Recently, our laboratory has also shown that fetal cell-derived genes are detectable in maternal liver tissue, in some cases as long as 43 years after pregnancy. Whether this microchimerism, i.e., migration and presence of fetal cells within maternal tissues, has an important role in either physiological or immunologic function is unclear, but the very high detection rate of fetal-derived DNA in the mother provides suggestive evidence that microchimerism may not be an uninvolved bystander. We review recent studies showing microchimerism in the mother and address its putative role in autoimmunity and the maintenance of tolerance against the fetus.

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Y chromosome sequence DNA amplified from peripheral blood of women in early pregnancy

Cited by 105 publications

References 5 publications

Fetal microchimerism alone does not contribute to the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis

Fetal microchimerism alone does not contribute to the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis

Fetal cell microchimerism in the maternal mouse spinal cord

Fetal microchimerisms in the mother: Immunologic implications

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