Xylitol and its usage in ENT practice

Sakallıoğlu, Öner; Güvenç, Işıl Adadan; Cingi, Cemal

doi:10.1017/s0022215114001340

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, the retention period should probably be too short for S. mutans to ferment indigestible carbohydrates such as FOS, PDX and lactitol in the oral cavity. Indeed, it has been shown that S. mutans rarely degrades indigestible carbohydrates in the oral cavity ( 41 ) . Therefore, indigestible carbohydrates such as FOS, PDX and lactitol would probably not induce dental caries as in a previous study which did not show dental caries formation ( 42 ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of indigestible carbohydrates influences IgA response and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland

Yamamoto

Hayashi

et al. 2015

Br J Nutr

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Secretory IgA in the saliva is essential for protection from mucosally transmitted pathogens and maintaining homeostasis at mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity. Expression of submandibular gland polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) is essential for IgA secretion. In the present study, we investigated the influence of indigestible carbohydrates on IgA production in the salivary gland and saliva. Five-week-old rats were fed a fibre-free diet (control), or a diet with 5 % (w/w) fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) or a combination of 2·5 % (w/w) polydextrose (PDX) and 2·5 % (w/w) lactitol for 21-d. IgA concentrations in the caecal digesta, submandibular gland tissue, and saliva in the FOS and PDX þ lactitol diet groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P,0·05). The increase in IgA in the submandibular gland tissue was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis. However, the IgA concentrations of serum did not differ between the FOS or PDX þ lactitol groups and the control group (P¼ 0·5). In the FOS and PDX þ lactitol groups, the pIgR mRNA ( pIgR/b-actin) expression level in the submandibular gland tissue was significantly higher than that in the control group (P,0·05). The present study suggests that indigestible carbohydrates play an important role in the increase in IgA concentrations in the submandibular gland tissue, saliva, and caecal digesta. The intestinal epithelium is the largest mucosal surface in the human body, and is constantly exposed to potentially toxic environmental antigens, pathogenic food and water-borne micro-organisms and commensal microflora (1) . Dietary approaches to influence human gut have long been used as an approach to improve host health (2) . Indigestible carbohydrates have beneficial effects in human health and nutrition (3) . Human digestive enzymes have little or no effect on carbohydrates such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and polydextrose (PDX). These substances are digested by colonic bacteria with the production of organic acids, mainly SCFA and gas (CO 2 and hydrogen). Small amounts of lactic, formic and succinic acids are also produced (4) . These health effects include immune regulation, normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels, and prevention of cancer recurrence (5) . Many indigestible carbohydrates influence aspects of intestinal function through fermentation (6) .The use of indigestible carbohydrates results in increased IgA levels in the caecal digesta and faeces of animals (7 -11) . In human subjects, IgA is the most abundant Ig isotype in the body in the absence of infection. It is synthesized mainly in the secretory form in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Secretory IgA (sIgA) prevents pathogens and commensal bacteria from binding to the epithelial cells of the mucosa and neutralizes their toxins to maintain homeostasis at mucosal surfaces (12) . The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also known as membrane secretory component, is an integral membrane protein expressed by intestinal epithelial cells. The physiological role of pIgR is to bi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of indigestible carbohydrates influences IgA response and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland

Yamamoto

Hayashi

et al. 2015

Br J Nutr

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“…Xylitol is an inexpensive and sweet tasting sugar alcohol (or polyol), which has been widely used in the food industry to replace sucrose. More recently xylitol has gained popularity for its antimicrobial effects (14,19,20) . Xylitol is thought to exert its antibacterial activity by a number of mechanisms including reduction of the salt concentration of airway surface liquid, repressing bacterial metabolism of glucose to lactate, and disruption of the biofilm extracellular matrix (21)(22)(23)(24)(25) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The in vitro effect of xylitol on chronic rhinosinusitis biofilms

Jain¹,

Lee²,

Hardcastle³

et al. 2016

Rhin

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“…terial agent in some countries and has been used in chewing gums, lozenges, syrups, nasal sprays, toothpastes, and mouthwashes. This compound may be a promising agent in ear, nose, throat (ENT) practices, but further experimental and clinical studies are required (13). The antibacterial activities and synergistic effects of xylitol with other sugars have not been clarified yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Xylitol on the Growth and Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Asgari

Ataee

Ghorbanalizadegan

et al. 2018

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: Xylitol has been applied in dentistry to prevent dental caries for many years. However, it's anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae effects are unclear. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae activity of xylitol. Methods: In this study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of xylitol were determined by microdilution method and tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. The effective concentrations of xylitol in the presence and absence of fructose against growth and survival of S. pneumoniae were measured. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The results showed that 5% to 7.5% concentrations of xylitol were associated with reduced number of S. pneumoniae cells. About 80% to 100% of S. pneumoniae cells were killed under laboratory conditions after 3 to 7 hours, respectively. MIC and MBC of xylitol against S. pneumoniae were 2.5% and 7.5% after 4 hours, respectively. We found significant changes in the number of viable cells (P ≤ 0.002). Conclusions:The results showed that the 5% and 7.5% concentrations of xylitol inhibit S. pneumoniae growth. However, the emergence of multi-drug resistance in S. pneumoniae has become a global concern and the S. pneumoniae 23-valent vaccine may not be able to protect against S. pneumoniae human pathogenic strains. Finding a non-related antibiotic agent may be useful for controlling S. pneumoniae infections.

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Xylitol and its usage in ENT practice

Abstract: Xylitol may be a promising agent for this purpose in ENT practice, but further experimental and clinical studies are required.

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Intake of indigestible carbohydrates influences IgA response and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland

Intake of indigestible carbohydrates influences IgA response and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland

The in vitro effect of xylitol on chronic rhinosinusitis biofilms

Effect of Xylitol on the Growth and Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae

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