Xylem, Phloem and Transpiration Flows in Developing Apple Fruits

Lang, Alexander

doi:10.1093/jxb/41.6.645

Cited by 169 publications

(149 citation statements)

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“…Daytime xylem transport rates are generally 10 times greater than phloem transport rates [13], but their relative contributions to specific compartments can vary. For example, although xylem and phloem contribute approximately equally to apple fruit growth early in the growing season, from the middle to late in the growing season, the phloem dominates [13,14]. Within the xylem, lateral movement to adjacent cells may provide a pathway for contaminants to move into the phloem [12,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Xylem transport rates are directly related to transpiration rates, whereas phloem transport rates are governed by differences in solute concentrations between sites of synthesis and consumption [12]. Daytime xylem transport rates are generally 10 times greater than phloem transport rates [13], but their relative contributions to specific compartments can vary. For example, although xylem and phloem contribute approximately equally to apple fruit growth early in the growing season, from the middle to late in the growing season, the phloem dominates [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of measured bioaccumulation data on terrestrial plants for organic chemicals: Metrics, variability, and the need for standardized measurement protocols

Doucette

Shunthirasingham

Dettenmaier³

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Quantifying the transfer of organic chemicals from the environment into terrestrial plants is essential for assessing human and ecological risks, using plants as environmental contamination biomonitors, and predicting phytoremediation effectiveness. Experimental data describing chemical uptake by plants are often expressed as ratios of chemical concentrations in the plant compartments of interest (e.g., leaves, shoots, roots, xylem sap) to those in the exposure medium (e.g., soil, soil porewater, hydroponic solution, air). These ratios are generally referred to as "bioconcentration factors" but have also been named for the specific plant compartment sampled, such as "root concentration factors," "leaf concentration factors," or "transpiration stream (xylem sap) concentrations factors." We reviewed over 350 articles to develop a database with 7049 entries of measured bioaccumulation data for 310 organic chemicals and 112 terrestrial plant species. Various experimental approaches have been used; therefore, interstudy comparisons and data-quality evaluations are difficult. Key exposure and plant growth conditions were often missing, and units were often unclear or not reported. The lack of comparable high-confidence data also limits model evaluation and development. Standard test protocols or, at a minimum, standard reporting guidelines for the measurement of plant uptake data are recommended to generate comparable, high-quality data that will improve mechanistic understanding of organic chemical uptake by plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:21-33. C 2017 SETAC

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of measured bioaccumulation data on terrestrial plants for organic chemicals: Metrics, variability, and the need for standardized measurement protocols

Doucette

Shunthirasingham

Dettenmaier³

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Although the contributions of the xylem and phloem to the diurnal water budget vary with the species, a large proportion of the water supply in tomato and grape has been estimated to occur via the phloem (Greenspan et al, 1994;Ho et al, 1987). Outflows from the fruit have been attributed to the xylem transpiration water flow through the peduncle, forced by the strong transpiration of leaves, e.g., apple (Lang, 1990). However, the diurnal fruit water dynamics through the peduncle have not been monitored directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Dynamics in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit during the Young and Mature Fruit Seasons as Measured by the Stem Heat Balance Method

浩和¹,

哲夫²

2006

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Water flows in the stem and peduncle of mango fruit were monitored, and the surface transpiration from the fruit was measured during the fruit-growing season. The stem heat balance method was used on the peduncle to monitor the inward water flow during the nighttime, and the reverse water flow from the fruit during the daytime when the stem transpiration water flow increased. This diurnal fluctuation pattern in the water flow was more evident in mature fruit than in young fruit. In mature fruit, the daily water loss due to the reverse flow was estimated to be 3% of the fruit weight. The reverse flow water loss and transpired water loss were compensated for by nocturnal inward water flow, through the peduncle, of 30 g over 15 h. These results were well supported by measurements of fruit dimensions, which indicated a circadian rhythm of contraction and expansion. The reverse flow amounted to 80% of the water loss from the daytime contraction of the fruit, a much greater proportion than the fruit surface transpiration.

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“…2). Most similar studies use linear variable displacement transducers or similar for the continuous measurement of fruit diameter to esti- mate fruit weight or volume (Araki et al, 2004;Brüggenwirth et al, 2016;Greenspan et al, 1994Greenspan et al, , 1996Guichard et al, 2005;Kitano and Araki, 2001;Lang, 1990;Morandi et al, 2014). In this study, however, we used digital calipers (Hossain and Nonami, 2010) because we needed to measure many fruits (>100) in a short time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we used the heat-girdling method, heating or steaming the peduncle to kill phloem cells and restrict the phloem influx to fruit because this has been used to estimate transpiration and there are many reports in fruit trees such as Vitis vinifera L. (Greenspan et al, 1994(Greenspan et al, , 1996Lang and Thorpe, 1989), Malus pumila L. (Lang, 1990), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Fishman et al, 2001;Morandi et al, 2014), and P. avium L. (Brüggenwirth et al, 2016). In addition, systematic errors are very small in the short term with a statistically sufficient sample, and this is the only method that allows the estimation of xylem and phloem influx and transpiration in the greenhouse (Fishman et al, 2001) using the heat-girdling method because it is available for greenhouse tomato production and can evaluate many fruits in a short time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Water and Assimilate Fluxes in Tomato Fruits among Cultivars, and Relationships with Fruit Yield and Soluble Solids Content

Kawasaki

Higashide

2018

Hortic J

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Fruit growth represents the balance between material influxes via xylem and phloem and efflux by transpiration via the stomata of the calyx and cuticle of fruit, which determines the yield and soluble solids content (SSC). Knowledge of these factors is important for the production of high-SSC tomato fruit, but no physiological indicator is available to allow prediction of fruit yield and SSC for breeding and crop production purposes. To identify indicators, we grew Japanese, Dutch, Japanese × Dutch, and high-SSC cultivars and sought correlations of the fluxes to fruit with yield and SSC. To estimate the contributions of the xylem, phloem, and transpiration fluxes to fruit weight increase, we measured 2-day growth rates of intact, detached, and heat-girdled (peduncle steamed for 90 to 120 s) fruits treated at 14, 28, or 42 days after flowering (DAF). Xylem influx was much lower in the high-SSC cultivar than in the others. Phloem influx was lower in the Dutch and hybrid cultivars at 28 DAF. Transpiration efflux was greater in the Japanese cultivar at 42 DAF. Fruit growth rate at 14 DAF was positively correlated with yield, and phloem influx per fruit weight increase at 14 and 28 DAF was positively correlated with SSC. These results show how the xylem, phloem, and transpiration fluxes of fruit can predict fruit yield and SSC. This information will help the production and breeding of high-SSC fruit.

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Xylem, Phloem and Transpiration Flows in Developing Apple Fruits

Cited by 169 publications

References 10 publications

A review of measured bioaccumulation data on terrestrial plants for organic chemicals: Metrics, variability, and the need for standardized measurement protocols

A review of measured bioaccumulation data on terrestrial plants for organic chemicals: Metrics, variability, and the need for standardized measurement protocols

Water Dynamics in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit during the Young and Mature Fruit Seasons as Measured by the Stem Heat Balance Method

Differences in Water and Assimilate Fluxes in Tomato Fruits among Cultivars, and Relationships with Fruit Yield and Soluble Solids Content

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