Xylem, phloem and transpiration flows in developing strawberries

Winkler, Andreas; Hurtado, Grecia; Knoche, Moritz

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110305

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Ca is mainly absorbed by the roots and transported above ground through the phloem and xylem. 37 Ca deficiency in plants can affect normal cell division and differentiation, resulting in the disruption of CW and cell membrane integrity as well as alterations in cell structure and morphology. 38 The results of longitudinal sectioning of the roots demonstrated that Ca deficiency resulted in the rupture of thin-walled cells in the cortex, destroying the cellular structure (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium l-aspartate nanoparticles modify the root ultrastructure and improve plant yield in Brassica napus L.

Lu,

Hou,

Riaz

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Nano

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium l-aspartate nanoparticles modify the root ultrastructure and improve plant yield in Brassica napus L.

Lu,

Hou,

Riaz

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Nano

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“…There being no Ca translocation via the phloem [ 21 ], Ca must be imported into developing strawberries only via the xylem. Furthermore, recent investigations show that, like many other fruit species, strawberries suffer a decrease in xylem conductance during development [ 22 ]. This renders increased Ca fertilization via the soil unlikely to be effective in increasing the supply to the fruit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium ions decrease water-soaking in strawberries

Hurtado

Knoche

2022

PLoS ONE

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Water soaking is a common disorder of field-grown strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). It develops when ripe fruit is exposed to rain. Here we investigate the effects of Ca on water soaking. Fruit was incubated in solutions of various Ca salts and the extent of water soaking quantified using a simple rating scheme. Exposure to CaCl2 (10 mM) decreased water soaking and anthocyanin leakage but had no effect on water uptake. The decrease in water soaking due to CaCl2 was not limited to a single cultivar but occurred in all cultivars examined. Incubating fruit in a chelating agent (EGTA) increased water soaking compared to the water control. Calcium salts of different acids varied in their effects on water soaking. Only CaCl2 reduced water soaking significantly. The chlorides of different cations, also varied in their effects on water soaking. Those of the monovalent cations had no effects on water soaking, while those of the divalent cations (CaCl2, BaCl2 and SrCl2) and of the trivalent cations (FeCl3 and AlCl3) were all effective in decreasing water soaking. Overall, CaCl2 decreased microcracking of the strawberry cuticle as compared to deionized water. Furthermore, CaCl2 also reduced the leakage of anthocyanins from flesh discs, irrespective of the osmotic potential of the incubation solution. Our results indicate that CaCl2 reduced water soaking by decreasing cuticular microcracking, by decreasing leakage of plasma membranes and, possibly, by increasing the crosslinking of cell wall constituents.

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“…Fruit were sampled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 DAFB. The developmental stages corresponded to stage I (5 and 10 DAFB), stage II (15 and 20 DAFB), stage III (25 DAFB), stage IV (30 DAFB) and stage V (35 DAFB) [ 67 ]. The cultivar comparisons of expression of cuticle-related genes were conducted using 'Clery', 'Elsanta', 'Joly', 'Malwina' and 'Sonsation'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development

Straube,

Hurtado,

Zeisler-Diehl

et al. 2024

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit’s cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. Results Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. Conclusion The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.

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Xylem, phloem and transpiration flows in developing strawberries

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

Calcium l-aspartate nanoparticles modify the root ultrastructure and improve plant yield in Brassica napus L.

Calcium l-aspartate nanoparticles modify the root ultrastructure and improve plant yield in Brassica napus L.

Calcium ions decrease water-soaking in strawberries

Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development

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