Xylazine–midazolam–ketamine Versus Medetomidine– Midazolam–ketamine Anesthesia in Captive Siberian Tigers (Panthera Tigris Altaica)

Curro, Thomas G.; Okeson, Danelle M.; Zimmerman, Dawn; Armstrong, Douglas L.; Simmons, Lee G.

doi:10.1638/03-049

Cited by 32 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Mean respiratory rates observed in Puma concolor in this study (10 breaths/min) were lower than those observed in Panthera leo immobilized with TZM (17 breaths/min) (Jacquier et al 2006), in Panthera tigris immobilized with KM (23 breaths/min) (Miller et al 2003), KXMid (23 breaths/min) and KMMid (19 breaths/ min) (Curro et al 2004), in Panthera uncia immobilized with TZM (26 breaths/min) (Johansson et al 2013), and in Acinonyx jubatus immobilized with TZKX (>12 breaths/min). No animal participating in this study developed cyanosis or apnea; however, due to the observed bradypnea, positive pressure ventilation was performed intermittently as supportive measure.…”

Section: Xylazine (Tzkx) Combination For Chemical Immobilization Of Ccontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…The mean heart rates observed in this study (122 beats/min) were higher than those observed in Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus immobilized with TZKX (100 beats/ min) (Lewandowski et al 2002), in Snow Leopards Panthera uncia immobilized with TZM (97 beats/min) (Johansson et al 2013), in Siberian Tigers Panthera tigris immobilized with KX (82 beats/min) (Larsson et al 2008), KXMid (105 beats/min) and KMMid (88 beats/ min) (Curro et al 2004) and in African Lions Panthera leo immobilized with TZM (56 beats/min) (Jacquier et al 2006) and KX (64 beats/min) (Larsson et al 2008). …”

Section: Xylazine (Tzkx) Combination For Chemical Immobilization Of Ccontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…Consequently, the combination of this drug with sedatives and tranquilizers is recommended. Among the anesthetic drug combinations used for immobilization of large felids are: tiletamine-zolazepam/medetomidine (TZM) (Jacquier et al 2006;Gunkel & Lafortune 2007;Johansson et al 2013), ketamine/xylazine/midazolam (KXMid), ketamine/medetomidine/midazolam (KMMid) (Curro et al 2004;Gunkel & Lafortune 2007), medetomidine/butorphanol/midazolam (MBMid) (Gunkel & Lafortune 2007), alphaxalone/alphadolone (AA) (Gunkel & Lafortune 2007), tiletamine-zolazepam/ ketamine/xylazine (TZKX) (Lewandowski et al 2002), tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) (Gunkel & Lafortune 2007), ketamine/medetomidine (KM) (Tomizawa et al 1997;Miller et al 2003;Gunkel & Lafortune 2007;Rendón et al 2007) and ketamine/xylazine (KX) (Larsson et al 2008;Gunkel & Lafortune 2007;Deka et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical immobilization of captive Cougars Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Carnivora: Felidae) using a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine

Lescano¹,

Quevedo²,

Baselly³

et al. 2014

J. Threat. Taxa

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Section: Xylazine (Tzkx) Combination For Chemical Immobilization Of Ccontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: Xylazine (Tzkx) Combination For Chemical Immobilization Of Ccontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Chemical immobilization of captive Cougars Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Carnivora: Felidae) using a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine

Lescano¹,

Quevedo²,

Baselly³

et al. 2014

J. Threat. Taxa

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“…Arterial blood values for PaO 2 , were within normal limits for domestic cats, these parameters did not contribute to the metabolic acidosis. Similar acid-base status has been documented in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) anaesthetised with medetomidine or xylazine in combination with midazolam and ketamine, but no explanation for the change was identified 6 . Lions immobilised with zolazepamtiletamine also experienced metabolic acidosis with some respiratory compensation 3 , 1 5 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Zimbabwe

Fahlman¹,

Loveridge²,

Wenham³

et al. 2005

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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The combination of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine with subsequent antagonism by atipamezole was evaluated for reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo). Twenty-one anaesthetic events of 17 free-ranging lions (5 males and 12 females, body weight 105-211 kg) were studied in Zimbabwe. Medetomidine at 0.027-0.055 mg / kg (total dose 4-11 mg) and zolazepam-tiletamine at 0.38-1.32 mg / kg (total dose 50-275 mg) were administered i.m. by dart injection. The doses were gradually decreased to improve recovery. Respiratory and heart rates, rectal temperature and relative haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 15 min. Arterial blood samples were collected from 5 lions for analysis of blood gases and acid-base status. For anaesthetic reversal, atipamezole was administered i.m. at 2.5 or 5 times the medetomidine dose. Induction was smooth and all lions were anaesthetised with good muscle relaxation within 3.4-9.5 min after darting. The predictable working time was a minimum of 1 h and no additional drug doses were needed. Respiratory and heart rates and SpO2 were stable throughout anaesthesia, whereas rectal temperature changed significantly over time. Atipamezole at 2.5 times the medetomidine dose was sufficient for reversal and recoveries were smooth and calm in all lions independent of the atipamezole dose. First sign of recovery was observed 3-27 min after reversal. The animals were up walking 8-26 min after reversal when zolazepamtiletamine doses <1 mg / kg were used. In practice, a total dose of 6 mg medetomidine and 80 mg zolazepam-tiletamine and reversal with 15 mg atipamezole can be used for either sex of an adult or subadult lion. The drugs and doses used in this study provided a reliable, safe and reversible anaesthesia protocol for free-ranging lions.

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“…Aardvarks were, thus, hypertensive and bradycardic in our study (Table 2). Hypertension has been observed in other species given the same combination of drugs (Curro et al 2004;Ebner et al 2007;Schernthaner et al 2011) and is attributed mainly to the effects of medetomidine on the peripheral vasculature. Bradycardia, which has been observed in aardvarks (Nel et al 2000;Langan 2008), could also be attributed to the alpha-2 agonists cardiovascular effects, primarily as a secondary effect of druginduced vasoconstriction, but it may also reflect the animal's naturally low metabolic rate (McNab 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA OF FREE-LIVING AARDVARKS (ORYCTEROPUS AFER) WITH KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE-MIDAZOLAM AND ISOFLURANE

Rey

Costello

Fuller

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:We evaluated the effectiveness of a ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam drug combination administered intramuscularly by remote injection followed by isoflurane anesthesia in freeliving aardvarks (Orycteropus afer). Seven aardvarks weighing 33-45 kg were immobilized to perform surgical implantation of temperature loggers using 3.8 mg/kg ketamine, 0.1 mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.25 mg/kg midazolam. Immobilized aardvarks were transported to a surgical theater and received 0.5-1% isoflurane in oxygen after tracheal intubation. After surgery, medetomidine was antagonized with 0.5 mg/kg atipamezole, and aardvarks were released at the site of capture. We recorded induction and recovery times, clinical and physiologic parameters, and conducted blood gas analyses before and during isoflurane administration. Aardvarks showed initial effects within 3 min and reached lateral recumbency within 7 min after drug administration. Heart rate (50-67 beats/min), respiratory rate (10-15 breaths/min), oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SaO 2 ; 90-97%), and rectal temperature (34.0-37.5 C) were within acceptable physiologic ranges. Mean arterial blood pressure was initially high (146612 mmHg), but the hypertension resolved over time. Rectal temperature dropped significantly during anesthesia. Four animals had to be treated to relieve apnea. Blood gas analyses revealed mild to moderate hypercapnia but no hypoxaemia. The ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam combination provided effective immobilization. Combined with a low concentration of isoflurane, it can be used for prolonged surgical procedures in wild aardvarks. However, caution is needed, and monitoring of clinical parameters is required.

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Xylazine–midazolam–ketamine Versus Medetomidine– Midazolam–ketamine Anesthesia in Captive Siberian Tigers (Panthera Tigris Altaica)

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Chemical immobilization of captive Cougars Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Carnivora: Felidae) using a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine

Chemical immobilization of captive Cougars Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Carnivora: Felidae) using a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine

Reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Zimbabwe

CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA OF FREE-LIVING AARDVARKS (ORYCTEROPUS AFER) WITH KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE-MIDAZOLAM AND ISOFLURANE

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