Xylazine‐Induced Hyperglycaemia and α‐Adrenergic Receptors in Sheep

Brikas, P.; Tsiamitas, C.; Ayiannidis, Aristomenis

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00255.x

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In previous studies, administration of xylazine HCl to sheep led to an increase in serum glucose concentration (1,22). The results of the present study support previous findings in that xylazine HCl continued to produce a hyperglycaemic effect for a period of at least 120 min following its administration.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep

Gençcelep¹,

Karasu²

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate the sedative and analgesic biochemical and clinical effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep.Five clinically healthy Akkaraman rams were used. Xylazine was administered intramuscularly at an initial dose of 0.4 mg/kg to induce sedation. The second, third and fourth doses were 20% larger than the previous dose, that is, 0.48, 0.57 and 0.68 mg/kg doses, respectively. They were administered intramuscularly four times at 4-day intervals. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as the rumen motility of all animals, were evaluated before and after xylazine administration. The depths of sedation and analgesia and the control of reflexes, along with various biochemical parameters, were studied. Although the respiration rate increased until the 15 th min, it approached the control value at the 30 th min and decreased after the 45 th min. Ruminal contractions progressively decreased from the 5 th min to the 60 th min. All levels of sedation were observed in all sheep. The degree of analgesic effect was 0 during mild and moderate sedation periods, and 1-2 during deep sedation. Of all biochemical parameters assessed, only the glucose concentration increased. It was therefore concluded that in order to obtain the same sedation level in sheep in the 4 days following an administration of xylazine, the previous dose should be increased by 20%.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep

Gençcelep¹,

Karasu²

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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“…There have been many investigations into the hyperglycaemic effect of xylazine (Eichner et al, 1979;Hsu and Hummel, 1981;Brikas et al, 1987) and medetomidine (Cullen, 1996). Hyperglycaemia may be due to α 2 -adrenergic inhibition of insulin release by stimulation of α 2 -receptors in the pancreatic β-cells (Angel and Langer, 1988) and to increased glucose production in the liver (Hsu and Hummel, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Clinicophysiological Effects of Spinally Administered Ketamine and Its Combination with Xylazine and Medetomidine in Healthy Goats

et al. 2007

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The study was conducted in 9 healthy adult goats of either sex, weighing 15-20 kg, to evaluate and compare the clinicophysiological effects of spinally administered ketamine alone and in combination with xylazine and medetomidine. Nine trials each of the three treatments were conducted randomly by injecting ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (n = 9), ketamine and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg) (n = 9) and ketamine and medetomidine (2.5 mg/kg and 10 microg/kg) (n = 9). The drugs were administered at the lumbosacral subarachnoid space under strict aseptic conditions. The treatments were evaluated on the basis of clinicophysiological, haematological, biochemical and haemodynamic observations. Ketamine produced mild to moderate analgesia of the hindquarters. Its combination with either xylazine or medetomidine produced complete analgesia of the hindquarters for 45-60 min. Ataxia was moderate in the ketamine group, whereas animals attained sternal recumbency in the combination groups. A moderate degree of sedation was recorded in the combination groups. Heart rate and respiratory rate depression in the combination groups and heart rate and respiratory rate stimulation in ketamine group were recorded. Haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. Increase in serum glucose, creatinine and urea nitrogen was recorded in all the groups. Serum electrolytes did not show any significant change. The results showed that the combination of ketamine with xylazine or medetomidine at these dose rates produced a comparable degrees of analgesia of hindquarters with transient and minimal cardiopulmonary side effects.

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“…O n the other hand, Hsu and HUMMEL (1981) showed that xylazine caused both a2and a ] -agonistic effects on the cardiovascular system in dogs. BRIKAS et al (1987), working on xylazine induced hyperglycaemia in sheep, also suggested that this drug showed both a2and a,-agonistic properties. So, the involvement of the a2adrenoreceptors in the regulation of sheep reticulo-ruminal phasic motility was studied in the present work using the fairly selective a*-agonist naphazoline (LEES, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adrenergic Receptors in the Control of Reticulo‐Ruminal Myoelectrical Activity in Sheep

Brikas

1989

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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Summary The involvement of adrenoreceptors in the control of reticulo‐ruminal (R‐R) motility was electromyographically studied in five conscious adult ewes. Intravenous (i. v.) administration of the β2‐agonist ritodrine (10 or 20μg/kg ṁ min for 15 min) or α1‐blocker prazosin (20μg/kg ṁ min for 30 min) or the β1‐and β‐blocker acebutolol and propranolol, respectively, (30μg/kg ṁ min for 30 min) had no significant effect on R‐R phasic myoelectrical grouped discharges (PMGD). Administration of the α1‐agonist phenylephrine (4 μg/kg ṁ min i. v. for 15 min) significantly increased for 25 min both the frequency of R‐R PMGD and the percentage of occurrence of secondary ruminal PMGD and provoked rumination. Pretreatment of animals with prazosin prevented these R‐R responses to phenylephrine. Administration of the α2‐agonist naphazoline (2.5 μg/kg ṁ min i. v. for 15 min) stopped the reticular PMGD for 1 hour, after an initial increase in their frequency, and greatly decreased the frequency of ruminal PMGD. When animals were pretreated with the α2‐blocker yohimbine (20μg/kg ṁ min i. v. for 30 min), naphazoline failed to produce any effect on R‐R PMGD. Yohimbine, given either alone or followed by naphazoline, abolished secondary ruminal PMGD for about 2 hours. The β1‐agonist (+)‐dobutamine (30μg/kg ṁ min i.v. for 15 min) provoked a pause in R‐R PMGD, which reappeared soon after the end of drug administration. Pretreatment of ewes with acebutolol or propranolol prevented dobutamine from producing its effects on R‐R PMGD. It is concluded that, among the adrenoreceptors, the α1‐, α2‐ and β1‐ones are involved in regulating R‐R motility in sheep, α1‐receptors being stimulatory receptors, while α2‐ and β1‐receptors are inhibitory ones. Further, a hypothesis is put forward that there may exist receptors affected by yohimbine, having an inhibitory effect on secondary ruminal contractions. Zusammenfassung Zur Rolle der adrenergenen Rezeptoren bei der Kontrolle der reticulo‐ruminalen myoelektrischen Aktivität beim Schaf Bei 5 adulten weiblichen Schafen wurde die Rolle adrenergener Rezeptoren bei der Kontrolle der Hauben‐Pansen‐Motilität elektromyographisch untersucht. Die intravenöse (i.v.) Applikation des β‐Agonisten Ritodrin (10 oder 20 μg/kg ṁ min für 15 min), des α1‐Blockers Prazosin (20 μg/kg ṁ min für 30 min) oder der β1‐ bzw. β‐Blocker Acebutolol bzw. Propanolol (30μg/kg ṁ min für 30 min) hatte keine signifikanten Veränderungen der phasischen myoelektrischen Gruppenentladungen (PMGD) im Hauben‐Pansen‐Bereich zur Folge. Die Applikation des α1‐Agonisten Phenylephrin (4μg/kg ṁ min i.v. für 15 min) führte zu einer 25 min dauernden Erhöhung der Frequenz der PMGD im Hauben‐Pansen‐Bereich, sowie dem prozentualen Auftreten von sekundären ruminalen PMGDS. Des weiteren wurde Wiederkauen ausgelöst. Die Vorbehandlung mit Prazosin verhinderte diese Effekte von Ephedrin. Nach Verabreichung des α2‐Agonisten Naphazolin (2,5 μg/kg ṁ min für 15 min) si...

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Xylazine‐Induced Hyperglycaemia and α‐Adrenergic Receptors in Sheep

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep

Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep

Clinicophysiological Effects of Spinally Administered Ketamine and Its Combination with Xylazine and Medetomidine in Healthy Goats

The Adrenergic Receptors in the Control of Reticulo‐Ruminal Myoelectrical Activity in Sheep

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