Xylazine, diazepam and midazolam premedicated ketamine anaesthesia in White Leghorn cockerels for typhlectomy

Abstract

Thee different combinations of ketamine hydrochloride were used to induce general anaesthesia for surgical operations (typhlectomy) in 30 adult, single-comb White Leghorn cockerels. They were randomly divided into three groups, each comprising 10 birds. Birds in Group I received xylazine-ketamine combinations at the dose rate of 2 mg xylazine and 10 mg ketamine per kg i.v., whereas birds of Group II received diazepam (2.5 mg / kg i.v.) and 5 min later ketamine (75 mg / kg i.m.). In the Group III, midazolam (2 mg / kg i.m.) and 5 min later ketamine (50 mg / kg i.v.) was administered. The onset of sedation / anaesthesia was shortest (1.60 + 0.27 min) in Group I, followed by Group II (8.40 + 0.83 min) and Group III (17.10 + 1.71 min). Recovery period was shortest in the Group I (65-75 min) followed by Group II (80-85 min) and Group III (92-105 min). Sedation, muscle relaxation and surgical anaesthesia was optimal and excellent in Group I compared with the other two groups. Torticollis, salivation and dyspnoea were observed in Group III. Short-term limb contractions were present in all birds in Groups II and III, up to 20 min of observation. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth in all three groups. A Surgical procedure (typhlectomy) was performed on all birds. Hypothermia was observed in Group II, whereas heart and respiratory depression was recorded in Group I. Blood sugar level did not vary significantly in any anaesthetic regime. The reduction of haemoglobin was maximum in Group II compared with Groups I and III. Hypoxaemia and hypercapnaea were elevated in all birds in Groups II and III. Blood electrolytes did not vary significantly from the baseline values among the three groups of birds during the period of observation (120 min). The xylazine-ketamine combination was found to be the best anaesthesia for surgical intervention in chickens.

The effects of anesthesia with a combination of intramuscular xylazine–diazepam–ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature in roosters

“…Similarly, Uzun et al. (2003) and Maiti et al. (2006) found significant decreases in HR using combinations of medetomidine–ketamine and xylazine–ketamine respectively on birds.…”

“…(2004) reported that injectable doses of ketamine associated with either diazepam or xylazine were ineffective for induction of surgical anesthesia in chickens. Nevertheless, Maiti et al. (2006) reported that an X–K combination was effective for induction of surgical anesthesia and that this provided better anesthesia in chickens compared with a benzodiazepine/ketamine combination.…”

“…1993; Uzun et al. 2003; Maiti et al. 2006) or medetomidine–midazolam–ketamine combinations (Machin & Caulkett 1998).…”

Use of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine and sevoflurane as an anesthetic protocol for domestic chickens

“…2 Similarly, heart rate was reduced in domestic pigeons and White Leghorn cockerels after medetomidine-ketamine or xylazine-ketamine administration. 20,21 There have been reports of transient hypertension, bradycardia, and apnea, as well as the need of resuscitation maneuvers when medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine and propofol combinations were used in ducks. 15 However, no critical situations arose with the anesthetic agent combination used in this study.…”

Effects of varying doses of tramadol on ketamine anaesthesia for laparocaecectomy in layer chickens

“…In recent years, interest in conservation of wild life has led to an increased demand for aneasthesia for surgical purposes in wild or semi-wild birds, as well, as more domesticated chicken, ducks, geese and caged birds that serve for companionship for elderly people (Hall et al, 2001). The need for caecectomy (Maiti et al, 2006;Eyarefe and Oguntoye, 2012) and caponization (Mahmud et al, 2013) is also required for further injectable anaesthetic studies recently. In our previous study, 5% ketamine (15 mg/kg) alone with incision site lignocaine infiltration provided chemical restraint with prolonged recovery period.…”