XXXVII. Growth and Development of the Naso-Respiratory area in Childhood.

Cephalomteric changes in airway dimensions with twin block therapy in growing Class II patients

“…[1] The size of nasopharynx increases in conjunction with the growth of the cranial base and forward development of mid face. [2]…”

Sagittal growth of the naso-maxillary complex during the second trimester of human prenatal development

“…This constant angular relationship between the anterior cranial base and nasal floor during the second trimester in utero was strikingly similar to findings of crosssectional and longitudinal studies of the same relationship from birth through adolescence. ""-15, 31,32 The hard and soft palates did not contribute equally to the total length of the palate. The soft palate comprised approximately one-third of the total palatal length, and this proportionality did not change during the second trimester.…”

Effect of Clark's twin-block appliance (CTB) and non-extraction fixed mechano-therapy on the pharyngeal dimensions of growing children

“… 1 Various studies have reported that the abnormal position and atypical growth pattern of dental and craniofacial structures can influence pharyngeal dimensions. 2 , 3 , 4 Similarly, physiological impairment of the nasopharynx due to adenoidal hypertrophy or nasal stenosis can result in growth disturbances leading to adenoid facies (long face syndrome) which is associated with mouth breathing and an altered cranio-cervical posture. 1 , 2 Anatomical and physiological factors, such as short mandible, increased size of the tongue and soft palate, posteriorly postured tongue and vertical growth discrepancy may also play a role in narrowing the airway.…”

“… 2 , 3 , 4 Similarly, physiological impairment of the nasopharynx due to adenoidal hypertrophy or nasal stenosis can result in growth disturbances leading to adenoid facies (long face syndrome) which is associated with mouth breathing and an altered cranio-cervical posture. 1 , 2 Anatomical and physiological factors, such as short mandible, increased size of the tongue and soft palate, posteriorly postured tongue and vertical growth discrepancy may also play a role in narrowing the airway. 5 , 6 , 7 Mandibular retrognathism has been considered one of the most important risk factors in children and adolescents suffering from sleep disordered breathing or Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).…”