XRF Imaging (MA-XRF) as a Valuable Method in the Analysis of Nonhomogeneous Structures of Grisaille Paint Layers

Bernady, Edyta; Goryl, M.; Walczak, Malgorzata

doi:10.3390/heritage4040179

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The Fensternbierscheiben panel PNP2601 was already verified as presenting a different support-glass composition from other panels with the same typology in the Ferdinand II collection [27]. When looking at the grisaille composition, the copper pigment is still dominant, as it was in the 18th century panels analysed here (PNP2883, PNP2884, PNP2886 and PNP2888), but a clear change is observable with the addition of cobalt and manganese, as well as the presence of arsenic oxides-indeed, this is in accordance with the 19th century practise [2,3,54,55].…”

Section: Group 4: Ungrouped Itemssupporting

confidence: 79%

An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace

Rodrigues

Machado

Alves³

et al. 2022

Heritage

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The lack of studies reporting the characterisation of Germanic grisaille is evident, despite the recent interest of researchers in this glass painting material. This work consists of the first assessment of Germanic grisaille’ chemical composition on a wide chronology (14th–19th centuries), that was only possible through the unique stained-glass collection of King Ferdinand II of Portugal. From the considerable amount of panels produced in Germanic territory and assembled by Ferdinand, twenty-two panels were characterised, and some trends of glass support typical composition and grisaille recipes were verified through this case study. A copper-based grisaille appears to have been the preference up to the 18th century. The 19th century shows higher diversity in composition, with new compounds (such as Co, Cr, Mn) appearing as colourising materials. However, with a limited number of analyses, and dispersed throughout time and different geographic locations, the results of this study are unprecedented, by being able to present the first overview on grisaille composition in Germanic stained glasses.

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Section: Group 4: Ungrouped Itemssupporting

confidence: 79%

An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace

Rodrigues

Machado

Alves³

et al. 2022

Heritage

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“…The characterization of glasses from stained glass windows has quickly improved in the last years. Laboratory-based techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), are usually destructive, as sampling is usually necessary [13][14][15][16]. On the other hand, portable XRF instruments are becoming more and more available for in situ measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Flashed Glasses from Stained Glass Windows

et al. 2022

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Flashed glasses are composed of a base glass and a thin colored layer and have been used since medieval times in stained glass windows. Their study can be challenging because of their complex composition and multilayer structure. In the present work, a set of optical and spectroscopic techniques have been used for the characterization of a representative set of flashed glasses commonly used in the manufacture of stained glass windows. The structural and chemical composition of the pieces were investigated by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS), UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Optical microscopy and FESEM-EDS allowed the determination of the thicknesses of the colored layers, while LIBS, EDS, UV-Vis-IR, and LIF spectroscopies served for elemental, molecular, and chromophores characterization of the base glasses and colored layers. Results obtained using the micro-invasive LIBS technique were compared with those retrieved by the cross-sectional technique FESEM-EDS, which requires sample taking, and showed significant consistency and agreement. In addition, LIBS results revealed the presence of additional elements in the composition of flashed glasses that could not be detected by FESEM-EDS. The combination of UV-Vis-IR and LIF results allowed precise chemical identification of chromophores responsible for the flashed glass coloration.

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“…When applied to the investigation of large area painting, it becomes quite time consuming, although much progress has been made recently in various aspects of this method, including X-ray tubes, radiation detectors, mechanical scanning systems, and software. There is a commercially available instrument from Bruker Nano GmbH known as M6-Jetstream [ 7 ], which is used nowadays for investigation of flat cultural heritage objects, like paintings, icons, manuscripts, and stained glass [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. It is worth noting that the instrument has been developed addressing specific requirements of cultural heritage studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Factorisation Methods to Analysis of Elemental Distribution Maps Acquired with a Full-Field XRF Imaging Spectrometer

Łach

Fiutowski

Koperny

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The goal of the work was to investigate the possible application of factor analysis methods for processing X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) data acquired with a full-field XRF spectrometer employing a position-sensitive and energy-dispersive Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector, which provides only limited energy resolution at a level of 18% Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) at 5.9 keV. In this article, we present the design and performance of the full-field imaging spectrometer and the results of case studies performed using the developed instrument. The XRF imaging data collected for two historical paintings are presented along with the procedures applied to data calibration and analysis. The maps of elemental distributions were built using three different analysis methods: Region of Interest (ROI), Non-Negative Matrix Factorisation (NMF), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results obtained for these paintings show that the factor analysis methods NMF and PCA provide significant enhancement of selectivity of the elemental analysis in case of limited energy resolution of the spectrometer.

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XRF Imaging (MA-XRF) as a Valuable Method in the Analysis of Nonhomogeneous Structures of Grisaille Paint Layers

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace

An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace

Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Flashed Glasses from Stained Glass Windows

Application of Factorisation Methods to Analysis of Elemental Distribution Maps Acquired with a Full-Field XRF Imaging Spectrometer

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