XRF and powder X-ray diffraction analysis of ancient iron slags from the “Sladak Kladenets” and “Malko Dryanovo” archaeological sites, Bulgaria

Abstract

Using X-ray fluorescence and Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the chemical and phase composition of ancient iron slags and raw iron ore were investigated. The type of raw ore was identified as self-fluxing. The operating furnace temperature was determined in the range 900–1000 °C. The results obtained are of archaeological importance. They will contribute to the chronological specification of the time of realization of the metallurgical process and the type of used furnaces.