XPS and SEM-EDX Study of Electrolyte Nature Effect on Li Electrode in Lithium Metal Batteries

Mapping technique has been the powerful tool for the design of next‐generation energy storage devices. Unlike the traditional ion‐insertion based lithium batteries, the Li‐S battery is based on the complex conversion reactions, which require more cooperation from mapping techniques to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Therefore, in this review, the representative works of mapping techniques for Li‐S batteries are summarized, and categorized into the studies of lithium metal anode and sulfur cathode, with sub‐sections based on shared characterization mechanisms. Due to specific features of mapping techniques, various aspects such as compositional distribution, in‐plain/cross section characterization, coin cell/pouch cell configuration, and structural/mechanical analysis are emphasized in each study, aiming for the guidance for developing strategies to improve the battery performances. Benefited from the achieved progresses, suggestions for future studies based on mapping techniques are proposed to accelerate the development and commercialization of the Li‐S battery.

Section: Elemental Mapping Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Techniques for the Design of Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Fan

et al. 2022

“…Lithium metal reacts with the organic electrolyte to form a solid electrolyte interphase, mainly composed of organic and inorganic materials, such as lithium alkyl carbonates (ROCO 2 Li), Li 2 O, Li 2 CO 3 , and LiF, etc. [281,282] A well-formed SEI layer can not only separate active materials from the electrolyte and prohibit side reaction of the electrolyte, but also guarantee long cycling performance via acting as the penetration of lithium [276] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. c) Schematic illustration of Li deposition and surface structure on Li metal anodes modified with GFNs-PVDF@PP separator.…”

Section: Tuning Electrode/electrolyte Interfacial Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercialization‐Driven Electrodes Design for Lithium Batteries: Basic Guidance, Opportunities, and Perspectives

Cao

Liang

Zhang

et al. 2021

vehicles (HEVs), because of their high energy density and long lifetime. [1][2][3] In recent years, the ever-growing demand on electric vehicles contributes to the continuous growth of the battery market, and the energy storage devices of EVs/HEVs raise stern demands on higher energy density (>300 Wh kg −1 ) and lower cost (500 Wh kg −1 ), and the standard parameters for different electrode systems toward this high energy density goal are well summarized in the previous works. [7][8][9] In particular, the innovative battery chemistries (i.e., Li-metal battery and all-solid-state lithium battery) using Li metal as anode, exhibit much higher energy density than current lithium-ion batteries, whereas some technological issues are needed to be addressed first, such as dendrite formation suppression, industrial battery Current lithium-ion battery technology is approaching the theoretical energy density limitation, which is challenged by the increasing requirements of ever-growing energy storage market of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices. Although great progresses are made on tailoring the electrode materials from methodology to mechanism to meet the practical demands, sluggish mass transport, and charge transfer dynamics are the main bottlenecks when increasing the areal/volumetric loading multiple times to commercial level. Thus, this review presents the state-of-the-art developments on rational design of the commercialization-driven electrodes for lithium batteries. First, the basic guidance and challenges (such as electrode mechanical instability, sluggish charge diffusion, deteriorated performance, and safety concerns) on constructing the industry-required high mass loading electrodes toward commercialization are discussed. Second, the corresponding design strategies on cathode/anode electrode materials with high mass loading are proposed to overcome these challenges without compromising energy density and cycling durability, including electrode architecture, integrated configuration, interface engineering, mechanical compression, and Li metal protection. Finally, the future trends and perspectives on commercializationdriven electrodes are offered. These design principles and potential strategies are also promising to be applied in other...

“…While FEC has been well known to experience HF‐loss and generate VC, the electrochemical reduction of VC into diversified carbonate salts and polymers is well established . Correspondingly, the peak at 531.4 eV in the O1s spectrum confirms the generation of Li 2 CO 3 . Therefore, the products of the FEC‐induced irreversible reaction consist of LiF, carbonates (Li 2 CO 3 , ROCO 2 Li), AT and DHAN.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Using pristine AQ cathode as reference, the chemical analysis on the AQ electrodes fully discharged in the DME‐5%FEC electrolyte was conducted via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Figure c and Figure S9: Supporting Information). A strong LiF peak at 685.1 eV appeared in the F1s high‐resolution spectrum, revealing the high LiF abundance on AQ surface. Although LiTFSI could be a potential source of F via an electrochemical reduction process, only S element of LiTFSI can be detected in the S2p high‐resolution spectrum by XPS (Figure S10a, Supporting Information), implying that FEC should be the main source of LiF.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Lithium‐Organic Primary Battery

Sun

Bai

Chen

et al. 2019

Compared with the intensive activities on rechargeable batteries, the research on lithium primary batteries (LPBs) remain rare, despite their extensive application in many sectors ranging from military, aerospace, and medical to civilian. They usually offer remarkably higher energy densities, longer shelf-life, and wider operating temperature range than rechargeable batteries that the current Li-ion batteries cannot provide. Commercially available LPBs are mainly based on electrochemical couples of metallic lithium anode and graphite fluoride (Li-CF x ), [1][2][3] Lithium primary batteries are still widely used in military, aerospace, medical, and civilian applications despite the omnipresence of rechargeable Li-ion batteries. However, these current primary chemistries are exclusively based on inorganic materials with high cost, low energy density or severe safety concerns. Here, a novel lithium-organic primary battery chemistry that operates through a synergetic reduction of 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is reported. In FEC-presence, the equilibrium between the carbonyl and enol structures is disabled, and replaced by an irreversible process that corresponds to a large capacity along with methylene and inorganic salts (such as LiF, Li 2 CO 3 ) generated as products. This irreversible chemistry of AQ yields a high energy density of 1300 Wh/(kg of AQ) at a stable discharge voltage platform of 2.4 V as well as high rate capability (up to 313 mAh g −1 at a current density of 1000 mA g −1 ), wide temperature range of operation (−40 to 40 °C) and low self-discharge rate. Combined with the advantages of low toxicity, facile and diverse synthesis methods, and easy accessibility of AQ, Li-organic primary battery chemistry promises a new battery candidate for applications that requires low cost, high environmental friendliness, and high energy density. 6 of 6) www.advancedsciencenews.com (