XPS analysis on chemical states of Li4SiO4 irradiated by 3keV

Luo, Tianyong

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.019

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Virgin membrane O 1s scans (first column) were decomposed into three peaks at 529.9 eV (O−O), 531.8 eV (O−C/O�C), and 533.1 eV (O−C). 14,37 The 533.1 eV peak shifted to 532.7−532.9 eV and intensified in all fouled membranes, attributed to the influence of Si−O functional groups that typically bind near 532.9 eV, 38,39 confirming contributions of silicon-based foulants shown in Figure 2a and Table S1. Also, peaks were deconvoluted at lower binding energies (∼530 and 531.4 eV) for the final element (3G), further validating the importance of non-siliceous inorganics ((hydr)oxides of mineral scales) described above.…”

Section: Siliceous Fouling Was Thementioning

confidence: 65%

Elucidating Foulant Diversity during Full-Scale Potable Reuse: Forensic Analysis of Lead and Lag Elements of a Three-Stage Reverse Osmosis System

et al. 2022

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We examined how colloidal, biological, organic, and inorganic fouling varied in 4-year-old reverse osmosis (RO) membranes taken from lead and lag ends of pressure vessels of each of the three stages from the world’s largest potable reuse facility. Colorimetry, microscopy, spectroscopy, and microbial analysis revealed varying combined fouling extents in all cases. Bioorganics dominated all but the last element. In the first and second stages, non-siliceous multivalent inorganics accumulated more on lead elements, whereas silicon-based foulants prevailed in lag elements. The third-stage lag element suffered the heaviest inorganic and the lowest bioorganic fouling. Cleaning small swatches cut from each element with a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid fully recovered the permeability of only the lag element of the first stage, which had endured the lowest inorganic fouling. Partial permeability recovery of all of the other elements suggested that cleaning was only effective against bioorganics, and harsher cleaners and/or interstage treatment were needed to combat silicon fouling. Cleaning agents did not appear to penetrate and remove entrapped foulants, resulting in faster performance deterioration when the membranes resumed service post-cleaning. Results emphasize the importance of systematically autopsying elements from each stage and evaluating their post-cleaning characteristics to optimize RO pretreatment and cleaning protocols.

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Section: Siliceous Fouling Was Thementioning

confidence: 65%

Elucidating Foulant Diversity during Full-Scale Potable Reuse: Forensic Analysis of Lead and Lag Elements of a Three-Stage Reverse Osmosis System

et al. 2022

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“…Strictly speaking, the peak near 101.8 eV in the lead element arises from both Si–C and Si–Al functional groups, but since survey scans did not detect any aluminum herein (see Figure b and SI Table S3), it was attributed mainly to Si–C functional groups as in siloxanes. , SiO 2 was the overwhelming silicon signal on the lag element (near 103.3 eV), pointing to severe mineral scaling. ,,, High-resolution O 1s scans (Figure middle row) for the virgin membrane was deconvoluted into two peaks at 531.1 eV (CO) and 532. 5 eV (C–O). , The latter peak progressively intensified stagewise for fouled membranes (2-fold for the lead element and 2.3-fold for the lag element compared with the virgin membrane), further highlighting the importance and influence of silicon-based foulants (because Si–O functional groups also arise at binding energies near 532.9 eV). , Additionally, the peak at 531.1–531.3 eV (CO and O–Al) shifted to a lower binding energy at 530.7 eV (O–Al, O–O, M–O) in the lag element, concurrent with greater contributions of inorganic foulants that are mainly accumulated as (hydr)oxides of mineral scales . C 1s high-resolution scans (Figure bottom row) predominantly informed details about bioorganic foulants, ,, SI Text S3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…46,52 The latter peak progressively intensified stagewise for fouled membranes (2-fold for the lead element and 2.3-fold for the lag element compared with the virgin membrane), further highlighting the importance and influence of silicon-based foulants (because Si−O functional groups also arise at binding energies near 532.9 eV). 53,54 Additionally, the peak at 531. The detection of Si−C functional groups on the lead element motivated us to extract foulants and analyze them by GC/MS.…”

Section: Preponderant Silicon Fouling On Lead and Lag Membrane Elemen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic and Organic Silicon Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes during Pilot-Scale Direct Potable Reuse

et al. 2023

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Fouled nanofiltration membranes from lead and lag positions of a 2-stage pilot-scale direct potable reuse plant treating secondary municipal wastewater effluent in El Paso, Texas were thoroughly characterized after 9 months of operation to elucidate the role of silicon moieties on fouling. X-ray photoelectron (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies identified silicon oxides/ silica as dominant foulants, especially on the lag element. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy also identified organosilicon moieties such as linear-and cyclosiloxanes on the lead element. Extensive siliceous fouling was accompanied by calcium, aluminum, and magnesium scaling as well as deposition of bioorganic materials thereby modifying membrane surfaces that resulted in irreversible productivity loss. None of the three selected cleaning agents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and NaOH, EDTA and NaOH, and HCl), either singly or in combination satisfactorily restored water permeability of the membrane. EDTA performed better in the lead element (where bioorganic fouling prevailed), and HCl was more effective in the lag element (where mineral scaling accompanied silicon oxides). This suggests the express need for novel antiscalants to reduce organosilicon/silicon oxide deposition and the necessity of harsher cleaning agents/ regimens specifically targeting silicon (e.g., hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride).

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Long-term helium bubble evolution in sequential He+ and H+ irradiated Li4SiO4

Zeng

Yan

et al. 2021

Ceramics International

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XPS analysis on chemical states of Li4SiO4 irradiated by 3keV

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Elucidating Foulant Diversity during Full-Scale Potable Reuse: Forensic Analysis of Lead and Lag Elements of a Three-Stage Reverse Osmosis System

Elucidating Foulant Diversity during Full-Scale Potable Reuse: Forensic Analysis of Lead and Lag Elements of a Three-Stage Reverse Osmosis System

Inorganic and Organic Silicon Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes during Pilot-Scale Direct Potable Reuse

Long-term helium bubble evolution in sequential He+ and H+ irradiated Li4SiO4

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