XLVIII. <i>On the knowledge of distance given by binocular vision</i>

Brewster, David

doi:10.1080/14786444708647184

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…a succession of planes that receded into the veridical plane at their distal ends. The number of planes tended to increase with more eccentric fixation.The illusion we observed was quite different from those obtained by using periodic stimuli (reported by, e.g., Brewster, 1844, and Blakemore, 1970 in that we observed several levels of depth simultaneously, with the levels being displaced in the visual field relative to one another rather than being a single plane that changed its apparent depth or was tilted. It differed from the illusion observed by Boothroyd and Blake (1984) in that the gratings were presented binocularly and different portions of the figure were at different depths.…”

contrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Relationship to Other Depth Illusions: Periodic Stimuli Brewster (1844Brewster ( /1983) discovered that if a repetitive stimulus, such as wallpaper or a grating, was examined, the distance from the observer to the plane containing the pattern could be made to appear closer or farther away. Although the difficulty of identifying corresponding portions of the grating presumably causes the wallpaper illusion and the phenomenon we describe, there are a number of differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings: Effects of number of eyes stimulated, spatial frequency, orientation, field size, and viewing distance

Odom

Chao

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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EXPERIMENT 1 MethodThree subjects participated in the experiment, J.V.O., G.M.C., and R.R.H. G.M.C. and R.R.H. were emmetropic, and J.V.O. was corrected to 6/6 (20/20). All 3 subjects had normal stereothresholds and had no deviations of the alignment of the two eyes. Interpupillary distances for J.V.O., R.R.H., and G.M.C. were 6.6, 6.3, and 6.1 em, respectively.The stimuli were eight photographic prints of square-wave gratings that, at a viewing distance of35.6 em (14 in.), hadfundamental spatial frequencies of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9,1.1,1.5,3.2,4.2, and 5.7 cycles/degree (cpd) and a field size that subtended 43°x53°( II x 14 in.). The mean luminance of the 0.28-epd grating was 150 cd/rn"; its contrast was 75%. The highest frequency grating was also presented at a distance of 53 and 86 em (21 and 34 in.).These two stimulus conditions resulted in gratings of 8.2 and 13.3 cpd with field sizes of 29°x37°and 18°x23°, respectively. The 10 spatial frequencies were presented at seven orientations: 0°, 15°,30°,45°,60°, 75°, and 90°. The orientation values refer to the deviation from the vertical. Thus, 0°refers to the vertical, 90°to the horizontal, and 45°to an orientation midway between the vertical and the horizontal. All deviations from the vertical tilted to the right. The center of th~stimulus did not change as orientation was varied.The subjects viewed all stimuli at all seven orientations as they fixated the stimulus either with both eyes open or with the left eye closed. Although the subjects were not instructed to fixate any particular locus on the stimulus, they reported a tendency to fix below the center of the display because it improved the clarity of the illusion. The order of experimental conditions was counterbalanced across subjects and sessions. For each experimental condition, each subject made five ratings. The subjects were instructed to view the We report that the binocular presentation of gratings under appropriate conditions results in an illusion of depth. Multiple levels of depth are seen simultaneously, distinguishing the illusion from the wallpaper illusion. The levels are not overlapping but are 180°out of phase relative to one another. The conditions under which the illusion is visible and under which it disappears are presented. Probable causal mechanisms, the correspondence problem, the horopter, and differential image projections of large tangential stimuli are discussed.Recently, while examining binocularly a large photoBelow we present the results of three experiments that graphic print of square-wave gratings, we observed a sen-examined these depth sensations as a function of monocusation of several nonoverlapping, discrete levels of depth. lar or binocular viewing, fundamental spatial frequency The usual appearance of the illusion, if one's eyes fix-of the grating, orientation, field size, and viewing disated at eye level or slightly above, was that of a distant tance. The results indicate that the illusion depends on ellipse surrounded by more proximal ellipses. Figure 1 retinal disparity a...

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contrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings: Effects of number of eyes stimulated, spatial frequency, orientation, field size, and viewing distance

Odom

Chao

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Elements in a textured surface assume the depth defined by the boundaries of the surface, a phenomenon known as the "wallpaper illusion" (Brewster, 1884;McKee, 1985, 1987a,b;McKee and Michison, 1988). Observing a grating of equally spaced dots will lead to the judgment of a texture at a single depth, but that depth will vary depending on the observer's trial-by-trial vergence or the disparity apparent at the edges of the gratings.…”

Section: Disparity Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Responses in Monkey Areas V1 and V2 to Three-Dimensional Surface Configurations

2000

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The visual system uses information about the relative depth of contours and surfaces to link and segment elements of visual scenes. The integration of form and depth information was studied in areas V1 and V2 of the alert macaque. Neurons in area V2 used contextual depth information to integrate occluded contours, signal the presence of object boundaries, and segment surfaces: (1) Amodal contour completion occurs when a contour passes behind an occluder. The basis of contour completion, the facilitation of neuronal responses to stimuli located within their receptive fields (RFs) by contextual lines lying outside their RFs, was blocked by orthogonal lines intersecting the contours but was recovered when the orthogonal line was placed in the near depth plane. (2) An illusory contour will modally complete separated elements located across an isoluminant field if the elements are placed in the near depth plane. V2 neurons responded when line segments were placed outside the RF in the near depth plane and a field of uniform luminance covered the RF. (3) Texture elements within a surface will "capture" the perceived depth consistent with the disparity of the surface's boundary, even when given no disparity themselves. V2 neurons responded to the center elements of a grating as if they contained disparity, even though disparity was present only for the grating's end elements located beyond the RF borders. These results, which were more common in V2 than in V1, demonstrate a role for V2 in the three-dimensional representation of surfaces in space. Key words: stereopsis; surface segmentation; contour integration; intermediate level vision; amodal completion; model completion; disparity captureBetween the analysis of local stimulus attributes, such as edge orientation and contrast, and the recognition of complex objects, such as faces, lies an intermediate stage of vision involving contour integration and surface segmentation (Nakayama et al., 1995). Segmenting natural visual scenes into surfaces belonging to different objects can be particularly challenging when contours intersect or when near surfaces are partially occluded by objects located closer to the observer. A potential source for a solution to this challenge is depth information, which can be used to link spatially separated surfaces that belong to a single partially occluded object (amodal completion) and to link contours that may be incomplete (modal completion) (Nakayama et al., 1995;Nakayama, 1996) (Fig. 1). In this process, depth cues must be propagated from one part of the visual scene to another.Local depth information is encoded by disparity-selective neurons. These neurons are sensitive to the small difference in the projections of stimuli lying in different depth planes onto the two retinas because of the horizontal displacement of the eyes (Wheatstone, 1838(Wheatstone, , 1852Julesz, 1960;Barlow et al., 1967;Nikara et al., 1968;Hubel and Wiesel, 1970). Neurons in cat and monkey that are selective to stimulus depth have been classified according to t...

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“…(1903, pp. 158-160) As this quotation indicates, LeConte disagreed with Wheatstone on the condition for fusion and single vision, as did Ernst Brücke (1819-1892; 1841), David Brewster (1781-18681844), and Towne. Both Brücke and Brewster considered that the perception of depth in solid objects and in stereoscopic pairs was a consequence of rapid changes in convergence.…”

Section: Townementioning

confidence: 80%

The lost direction in binocular vision: The neglected signs posted by Wells, Towne, and Leconte

Wade

Ono

Mapp

2005

J History Behavioral Science

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Studies of vision have informed theories first in philosophy and then in psychology. Over the centuries, an increasing number of phenomena have been enlisted to refute or reinforce particular theories. Nowhere has this been more evident than in binocular vision. How we see a single world with two eyes is one of the oldest and most consistently studied topics in vision research. It has been discussed at least since the time of Aristotle and it has been examined experimentally since the second century, when Ptolemy defined lines of visual correspondence for the two eyes. Prior to Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope in the 1830s, binocular vision had been studied in terms of visual directions. The stereoscope established distance (or depth) as well as direction as dimensions of binocular vision. Subsequently, depth rather than direction has been the principal concern of students of vision, and texts in English devoted to analyses of direction rather than depth have been neglected. We examine the experiments on binocular visual direction conducted by Wells before Wheatstone, and by Towne and LeConte after him, and discuss the reasons for their neglect.

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XLVIII. On the knowledge of distance given by binocular vision

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

A stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings: Effects of number of eyes stimulated, spatial frequency, orientation, field size, and viewing distance

A stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings: Effects of number of eyes stimulated, spatial frequency, orientation, field size, and viewing distance

Visual Responses in Monkey Areas V1 and V2 to Three-Dimensional Surface Configurations

The lost direction in binocular vision: The neglected signs posted by Wells, Towne, and Leconte

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