XLIV. Of the stilling of waves by means of oil. Extracted from sundry letters between Benjamin Franklin, LL. D. F. R. S. William Brownrigg, M. D. F. R. S. and the Reverend Mr. Farish

doi:10.1098/rstl.1774.0044

Cited by 145 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The concept of monolayers was proposed by Irving Langmuir in 1917 while looking at the properties of amphiphiles on water [1]. He realized that amphiphilic films spread on water have a thickness of one molecule [1], although there have been earlier reports on such a possibility [2,3]. An ordered monolayer could be produced by applying pressure on a floating film [4].…”

Section: Conclusion 255mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current understanding of the structure, phase transitions and dynamics of self-assembled monolayers on two- and three-dimensional surfaces

Sandhyarani

Pradeep

2003

International Reviews in Physical Chemistry

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Section: Conclusion 255mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current understanding of the structure, phase transitions and dynamics of self-assembled monolayers on two- and three-dimensional surfaces

Sandhyarani

Pradeep

2003

International Reviews in Physical Chemistry

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“…͑4͒ becomes the weak variation form 29,150 of the conservative force balance equation of classical Hamiltonian mechanics, a statement of the conservation of momentum. We use the word "force" in the generalized 11 sense of classical Hamiltonian mechanics ͑p. 19 of Refs.…”

Section: ͑4͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,9 Variational methods describe solid balls in liquids, deformable electrolyte droplets that fission and fuse, 1,10 and suspensions of ellipsoids, including the interfacial properties of these complex mixtures, such as surface tension and the Marangoni effects of "oil on water" and "tears of wine." 1, 7,11 Solid charged spheres such as sodium and chloride ions in water seemed to be a simpler fluid than deformable fissioning droplets ͑in some respects͒ and so we wondered if a͒ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: beisenbe@rush.edu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy variational analysis of ions in water and channels: Field theory for primitive models of complex ionic fluids

Eisenberg

Hyon

2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

229

255

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Ionic solutions are mixtures of interacting anions and cations. They hardly resemble dilute gases of uncharged noninteracting point particles described in elementary textbooks. Biological and electrochemical solutions have many components that interact strongly as they flow in concentrated environments near electrodes, ion channels, or active sites of enzymes. Interactions in concentrated environments help determine the characteristic properties of electrodes, enzymes, and ion channels. Flows are driven by a combination of electrical and chemical potentials that depend on the charges, concentrations, and sizes of all ions, not just the same type of ion. We use a variational method EnVarA (energy variational analysis) that combines Hamilton's least action and Rayleigh's dissipation principles to create a variational field theory that includes flow, friction, and complex structure with physical boundary conditions. EnVarA optimizes both the action integral functional of classical mechanics and the dissipation functional. These functionals can include entropy and dissipation as well as potential energy. The stationary point of the action is determined with respect to the trajectory of particles. The stationary point of the dissipation is determined with respect to rate functions (such as velocity). Both variations are written in one Eulerian (laboratory) framework. In variational analysis, an "extra layer" of mathematics is used to derive partial differential equations. Energies and dissipations of different components are combined in EnVarA and Euler-Lagrange equations are then derived. These partial differential equations are the unique consequence of the contributions of individual components. The form and parameters of the partial differential equations are determined by algebra without additional physical content or assumptions. The partial differential equations of mixtures automatically combine physical properties of individual (unmixed) components. If a new component is added to the energy or dissipation, the Euler-Lagrange equations change form and interaction terms appear without additional adjustable parameters. EnVarA has previously been used to compute properties of liquid crystals, polymer fluids, and electrorheological fluids containing solid balls and charged oil droplets that fission and fuse. Here we apply EnVarA to the primitive model of electrolytes in which ions are spheres in a frictional dielectric. The resulting Euler-Lagrange equations include electrostatics and diffusion and friction. They are a time dependent generalization of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations of semiconductors, electrochemistry, and molecular biophysics. They include the finite diameter of ions. The EnVarA treatment is applied to ions next to a charged wall, where layering is observed. Applied to an ion channel, EnVarA calculates a quick transient pile-up of electric charge, transient and steady flow through the channel, stationary "binding" in the channel, and the eventual accumulation of salts in "unstirred layers" ne...

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“…The earliest reported studies are 200 years old, performed by Franklin using oil on water surfaces [48].…”

Section: Thin Films and General Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface treatment and characterization: Perspectives to electrophoresis and lab‐on‐chips

et al. 2006

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The control and modification of surface state is a major challenge in bioanalytical sciences, and in particular in electrokinetic separation methods, due to the importance of electroosmosis. This topic has gained recently a renewed interest, associated with the development of "lab-on-chips" systems that extend the range of materials in which separation channels are fabricated. The surface science community has developed through the years a large toolbox of characterization tools and surface modification protocols, which is not yet fully exploited in the bioanalytical world. In this paper, we try and present an overview of these tools, in order to stimulate new ideas for improved and more controlled surface treatment strategies for separations in capillaries and microchannels. We briefly describe some physical and chemical aspects of electroosmosis (global and spatially resolved), streaming current, and streaming potential. We also review the main strategies for surface coating, and compare the advantages of physisorption, well-organized thin self-assembled monolayers, or conversely thick polymer "brushes". Examples of existing applications to electrophoresis in microchannel are also given.

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XLIV. Of the stilling of waves by means of oil. Extracted from sundry letters between Benjamin Franklin, LL. D. F. R. S. William Brownrigg, M. D. F. R. S. and the Reverend Mr. Farish

Cited by 145 publications

References 0 publications

Current understanding of the structure, phase transitions and dynamics of self-assembled monolayers on two- and three-dimensional surfaces

Current understanding of the structure, phase transitions and dynamics of self-assembled monolayers on two- and three-dimensional surfaces

Energy variational analysis of ions in water and channels: Field theory for primitive models of complex ionic fluids

Surface treatment and characterization: Perspectives to electrophoresis and lab‐on‐chips

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