XIV. <i>On the egg‐cases and early stages of some South China</i> Cassididæ.

Kershaw, J. C.; Muir, F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1907.tb01762.x

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Garthwaite (1939) recorded a laboratory-reared female of Calopepla leayana laying 23 oothecae over a 45day period. Interspecific variation in egg mass sizes is also known; for example, Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) tredecimguttata Wagener (5Laccoptera philipensis) deposits a single, naked egg , whereas Laccoptera chinensis Fabricius deposits groups of up to four eggs and covers them with feces (Kershaw and Muir, 1907).…”

Section: Trophic Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chaboo¹

2007

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

140

163

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A parsimony analysis was undertaken to test subfamily and tribal group concepts of Cassidinae (ca. 2000 genera, ca. 6000 species). An integrated account of their biology was synthesized from the primary literature. A detailed morphological study of adults, using Hemisphaerota palmarum Boheman as a model, formed the basis for evaluating characters previously utilized and for defining novel characters. The data matrix comprised 210 characters (from adults and immature stages, ecology and behavior), 6 outgroups, and 98 ingroup exemplar species (representing 94 genera and 39 of the 43 recognized cassidine tribes). Results support the monophyly of Cassidinae and place it as sister to Galerucinae. The classical Hispinae s.str. is paraphyletic whereas the classical Cassidinae s.str. is monophyletic if some Imatidiine genera are included. Four tribes-Aproidini, Delocraniini, Hemisphaerotini, and Notosacanthini-are well supported by many autapomorphies. Multiple genera were sampled to test the monophyly of 14 cassidine tribes. Seven were recovered as monophyletic: Anisoderini, Cassidini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Hispini, Omocerini, and Spilophorini. Relationships and character support of all cassidine tribes are discussed and compared with phylogenies proposed by Borowiec (1995) and Hsiao and Windsor (1999).The biological account and these phylogenetic results provide an opportunity for identifying some general trends and major innovations in the evolutionary history of Cassidinae. The alteration of the adult head from prognathy to hypognathy and the compaction of the body, legs, and various elytral-locking mechanisms are recurrent themes in adult morphology. Maternal care may have arisen once or twice. Seven trophic guilds are defined here for Cassidine larvae. They arise from two large radiations of leaf-mining and exophagous-feeding, a minor radiation in cryptic rolled-leaf feeding, and small generic and sub-generic specializations in stem mining, leaf scraping, petalophagy, and leaf-shelter chewers. Fecal shield construction and retention appear to be correlated with innovations in life history and in larval and pupal morphology, and they may have played an important role in cassidine diversification.

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Section: Trophic Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chaboo¹

2007

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

140

163

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“…The tortoise beetle processes are also not morphologically homologous with such processes in juveniles of other chrysomelid subfamilies (e.g., urogomphi in Chrysomelinae larvae sensu Reid 1992a , b ), other beetle families, or other insects. In the chrysomelid literature, the cassidine caudal processes have been called many terms: posterior spikes ( Kershaw and Muir 1907 ), anal furca ( Buzzi and Miyazaki 1992 ), supra-anal furca ( Heron 2007 ), and supra-anal processes ( Borowiec and Świętojańska 2014 ). Some labelled figures of Cassidine structures are in Chaboo (2007 : fig.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)

Chaboo,

Adam,

Nishida

et al. 2023

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Animal constructions are the outcomes of complex evolutionary, behavioural, and ecological forces. A brief review of diverse animal builders, the materials used, and the functions they provide their builders is provided to develop approaches to studying faecal-based constructions and faecal-carrying in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Field studies, rearing, dissections, photography, and films document shields constructed by larvae in two species in two tribes of the subfamily Cassidinae, Calyptocephala attenuata (Spaeth, 1919) (Spilophorini), and Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1853 (Cassidini). Natural history notes on an undetermined Cassidini species and Stolas cucullata (Boheman, 1862) (Tribe Mesomphaliini) outline the life cycle of tortoise beetles and explain terms. Commonly, the cassidine shield comprises exuviae onto which faeces are daubed, producing a pyramidal-shaped shield that can cover most of the body (up to the pronotum). In Cal. attenuata the larval shield comprises only exuviae, while in Cass. sphaerula, instar 1 initiates the shield by extending its telescopic anus to apply its own faeces onto its paired caudal processes; at each moult the exuvia is pushed to the caudal process base but remains attached, then more faeces are applied over it. The larva’s telescopic anus is the only tool used to build and repair the shield, not mouthparts or legs, and it also applies chemicals to the shield. Pupae in Cal. attenuata retain part of the exuviae-only shield of instar VI, while pupae in Cass. sphaerula retain either the entire 5th instar larval shield (faeces + all exuviae) or only the 5th larval exuvia. The caudal processes are crucial to shield construction, shield retention on the body, and as materials of the central scaffold of the structure. They also move the shield, though the muscular mechanism is not known. Altogether the faecal + exuviae shields may represent a unique morpho-behavioural synapomorphy for the crown-clade Cassidinae (10 tribes, ~ 2669 species) and may have been a key innovation in subsequent radiation. Defensive shields and domiciles may help explain the uneven radiation of chrysomelid subfamilial and tribal clades.

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XIV. On the egg‐cases and early stages of some South China Cassididæ.

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)

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XIV. On the egg‐cases and early stages of some South China Cassididæ.

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

﻿Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)

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Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)