Xerophthalmia and Its Associated Factors among School-Age Children in Amba Giorgis Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018

Abstract

Introduction Xerophthalmia is a general term applied to all the ocular manifestations from night blindness through complete corneal destruction (keratomalacia) due to vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia is the main contributing factors for childhood blindness in developing countries. However, there is limited evidence that can implicate the current situation. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of xerophthalmia and associated factors among school-age children in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 490 children, age range of 6 to 12 years. The study participants were selected through systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and ophthalmic examination with different ophthalmic instruments. The analyzed result was summarized and presented using descriptive statistics. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with xerophthalmia. Variables with a p value of <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were considered as statistically significant. Results A total of 484 study participants with a response rate of 98.8 were involved in this study, and their median age was 8 years with IQR of 4 years. The prevalence of xerophthalmia was 8.26% (95% CI: 5.8, 10.7). Family income less than 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.31, 16.4), presence of febrile illness (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.49, 6.11), poor consumption of fruits and vegetables (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.30, 7.80), and nonimmunized status (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.49, 7.89) were significantly associated with xerophthalmia. Conclusions and recommendations The prevalence of xerophthalmia was high as compared to the World Health Organization criteria for public health significance. Factors identified for xerophthalmia in this study are low income, the poor dietary practice of fruits and vegetables, and the presence of febrile illness and not immunized. Hence, it is a public problem that needs attention.

Ocular morbidity among children with protein energy malnutrition in Northwest Nigeria

“…Xerophthalmia was marginally higher in this study than the values reported from the Khartoum study[ 4 ] which found xerophthalmia in 4% of children with PEM. The findings of this study are however slightly lower than the 7.7% and 8.3% from Kolar, India,[ 3 ] and Northwest Ethiopia[ 12 ] respectively.…”

“…Rubino[ 10 ] in Italy and Mado[ 11 ] in Zaria, Nigeria, also reported Bitot spots and staphyloma respectively in case reports of children primarily presenting with PEM. A study from Northwest Ethiopia[ 12 ] however reported Bitot spots (4.5%) and night blindness (3.1%) as the commonest features of xerophthalmia, while corneal xerosis and corneal scarring were also documented.…”