Xenopus laevis larvae (Amphibia, Anura) as model suspension feeders

Seale, Dianne B.; Hoff, Karin; Wassersug, Richard J.

doi:10.1007/bf00015196

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Evidence for X. laevis altering pumping frequency is prolific in the literature (Seale, 1982;Seale et al, 1982;Seale and Wassersug, 1979;Wassersug and Hoff, 1979). Our results from the viscosity manipulations indicate that while tadpoles are able to sense the amount of food in the water and regulate pumping frequency accordingly (Seale, 1982), changes in viscosity did not provoke a similar increase in pumping frequency.…”

Section: Reynolds Number and Effects Of Viscositymentioning

confidence: 50%

Buccal pumping mechanics ofXenopus laevistadpoles: effects of biotic and abiotic factors

Ryerson

Deban

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYBiotic factors such as body size and shape have long been known to influence kinematics in vertebrates. Movement in aquatic organisms can also be strongly affected by abiotic factors such as the viscosity of the medium. We examined the effects of both biotic factors and abiotic factors on buccal pumping kinematics in Xenopus tadpoles using high-speed imaging of an ontogenetic series of tadpoles combined with experimental manipulation of the medium over a 10-fold range of viscosity. We found influences of both biotic and abiotic factors on tadpole movements; absolute velocities and excursions of the jaws and hyoid were greater in higher viscosity fluid but durations of movements were unaffected. Smaller tadpoles have relatively wider heads and more robust hyoid muscles used in buccal expansion and compression. Lever arm ratios were found to be constant at all sizes; therefore, smaller tadpoles have relatively higher resolved muscle forces and, like tadpoles in more viscous medium, displayed higher absolute velocities of jaw and hyoid movements. Nonetheless, small tadpoles drew in water at lower Reynolds numbers (Re) than predicted by kinematics, due to negative allometry of the buccal pump. Finally, tadpoles transitioned from a flow regime dominated by viscous forces (Re2) to an intermediate regime (Re106).

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Section: Reynolds Number and Effects Of Viscositymentioning

confidence: 50%

Buccal pumping mechanics ofXenopus laevistadpoles: effects of biotic and abiotic factors

Ryerson

Deban

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The LJ and CH of Xenopus tadpoles are continually pumping when food is available to maintain water flow through the buccopharyngeal cavity (Gradwell, 1971(Gradwell, , 1975. Unlike most tadpoles, Xenopus lacks gill filaments and relies upon an overdeveloped and relatively immobile branchial skeleton with finely elaborated gill filters and food traps to remove particles from the flow and transfer them to the esophagus (Seale et al 1982). The BA surfaces have a secondary role in gas exchange, which proceeds primarily through cutaneous respiration and lung breathing (Feder & Wassersug, 1984;Wassersug & Murphy, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deconstructing cartilage shape and size into contributions from embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and tadpole and frog growth

2015

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Understanding skeletal diversification involves knowing not only how skeletal rudiments are shaped embryonically, but also how skeletal shape changes throughout life. The pharyngeal arch (PA) skeleton of metamorphosing amphibians persists largely as cartilage and undergoes two phases of development (embryogenesis and metamorphosis) and two phases of growth (larval and post-metamorphic). Though embryogenesis and metamorphosis produce species-specific features of PA cartilage shape, the extents to which shape and size change during growth and metamorphosis remain unaddressed. This study uses allometric equations and thin-plate spline, relative warp and elliptic Fourier analyses to describe shape and size trajectories for the ventral PA cartilages of the frog Xenopus laevis in tadpole and frog growth and metamorphosis. Cartilage sizes scale negatively with body size in both growth phases and cartilage shapes scale isometrically or close to it. This implies that most species-specific aspects of cartilage shape arise in embryogenesis and metamorphosis. Contributions from growth are limited to minor changes in lower jaw (LJ) curvature that produce relative gape narrowing and widening in tadpoles and frogs, respectively, and most cartilages becoming relatively thinner. Metamorphosis involves previously unreported decreases in cartilage size as well as changes in cartilage shape. The LJ becomes slightly longer, narrower and more curved, and the adult ceratohyal emerges from deep within the resorbing tadpole ceratohyal. This contrast in shape and size changes suggests a fundamental difference in the underlying cellular pathways. The observation that variation in PA cartilage shape decreases with tadpole growth supports the hypothesis that isometric growth is required for the metamorphic remodeling of PA cartilages. It also supports the existence of shape-regulating mechanisms that are specific to PA cartilages and that resist local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity.

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“…Threshold feeding was demonstrated . Seale et al (1982) analysed the threshold feeding of X. laevis on yeast cells (diameter 3 to 5 µm, Wassersug, 1972) and described a functional response similar to that of suspension feeding zooplankton (crustaceans) . In Bufo calamita, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo (Gosner Stages 28,32,40) and X. laevis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stages 51, 53 and 57) ingestion of Chlorella fusca algae (cell diameter 5 .8 µm, cell volume 102 .2 µm 3) occurred far below the initial food concentrations tested by Seale and Wassersug (1979) for Rana sylvatica (i .e ., below 5 105 Chlorella pyrenoidosa ml -1 , or 5 106 µm3 ml -1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional response of suspension feeding anuran larvae to different particle sizes at low concentrations (Amphibia)

Viertel

1992

Hydrobiologia

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The influence of particle size, initial particle concentration and larval stage on the ingestion rate, `retention efficiency', and filtering rate of anuran larvae with varying filter apparatus anatomy and different life histories was investigated for four species . Larvae of premetamorphic Stages 28 and 32 and prometamorphic Stage 40 were selected for filtering experiments on the basis of their different growth rates . Three different sizes of silica gel particles were offered as mock food . Particle concentration was measured photometrically. The Michaelis-Menten model was used to describe the dependency of ingestion rate, filtering rate, and `retention efficiency' upon initial particle concentration, and to calculate maximum ingestion rate, threshold concentration, and the half-saturation constant .(1) The highest ingestion rates, filtering rates and `retention efficiencies' were achieved byXenopus laevis larvae, followed by Bufo calamita larvae . Bufo bufo larvae lay at the opposite end of the scale . Rana temporaria larvae were placed between B . calamita and B . bufo larvae . This order is attributed to differences in life histories, especially the different breeding environments in which these larvae occur .(2) The larger the particle size and the older the stage, the greater the tendency toward saturation of the ingestion rate, filtering rate and `retention efficiency' . These filtration parameters are graded according to particle size . The ingestion rate (number of particles), filtration rate and `retention efficiency' are greatest for PS3 . Ingestion volume is greatest for PS 1 . The difference between PS3 and PS2 on the one hand, and PS1 on the other, is often great ; for Stage 28 X. laevis it is very great. This shows that larvae ingest large particles more effectively, and that the most effective ingestion takes place at Stages 28 and 32, owing to the growth function of these stages . The ability of larvae to ingest large particles effectively is possibly a very basic phylogenetic characteristic . (3) The threshold concentration is lowest when the particles are at their largest . In accordance with conclusions drawn by other authors, threshold feeding is attributed to regulation by buccal pumping and mucus production . Considerable importance is attributed to threshold feeding with respect to larval adaptation to oligotrophic environments . Introductioneffect on larval populations . A high nutrient supply, i .e . a high ingestion of exploitable food, leads Populations of anuran larvae are strongly conto large and rapid growth, rapid development and trolled by nutrient supply and predators . Envitherefore early metamorphosis (Collins, 1979 ; ronmental evaporation also has a catastrophic

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Xenopus laevis larvae (Amphibia, Anura) as model suspension feeders

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Buccal pumping mechanics ofXenopus laevistadpoles: effects of biotic and abiotic factors

Buccal pumping mechanics ofXenopus laevistadpoles: effects of biotic and abiotic factors

Deconstructing cartilage shape and size into contributions from embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and tadpole and frog growth

Functional response of suspension feeding anuran larvae to different particle sizes at low concentrations (Amphibia)

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