Xenophagy of invasive bacteria is differentially activated and modulated via a TLR-TRAF6-Beclin1 axis in echinoderms

Abstract

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N6-methyladenosine helps Apostichopus japonicus resist Vibrio splendidus infection by targeting coelomocyte autophagy via the AjULK-AjYTHDF/AjEEF-1α axis

“…These results collectively indicated that m6A methylation modification served as a positive regulator in V. splendidus -induced coelomocytes autophagy. Autophagy in A. japonicus can resist V. splendidus infection, as has been proven in our previous research 24 , 25 . To further demonstrate the immunological function of m6A in response to V. splendidus infection, we detected bacterial abundance in coelomocytes.…”

“…Some researchers found autophagy can help hosts to defend against pathogenic infection 26 . Our previous studies showed that the autophagy activity and m6A methylation level of coelomocytes significantly increased during V. splendidus infection of A. japonicus 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 . However, the relationship between autophagy and m6A methylation was not addressed.…”

“…Autophagy, as a means of innate immunity in Apostichopus japonicus , showed an important antibacterial role against Vibrio splendidus infection in our previous studies 24 , 25 . However, the regulatory mechanism behind autophagy remains largely unknown.…”

“…Based on our published results on m6A-seq ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=PRJNA774950%20 , PRJNA774950) and ATGs in A. japonicus , we screened out 15 ATGs with significantly changed m6A methylation levels after V. splendidus infection; AjULK was the most changed gene at m6A methylation levels (Fig. 2a ) 25 , 27 . AjULK has been proven as an autophagy initiation factor controlling V. splendidus- induced autophagy 24 .…”

Editorial: Xenophagy: Its role in pathogen infections

“…It protects host cells from lethal damage, and plays a key role in innate immunity (Cong et al, 2020). Xenophagy, promotes macrophage clearance of cytoplasmic invaders after pathogenic DNA exposure or phagocytic membrane disruption by pathogens (Shao et al, 2022). A total of 8 papers are collected in this topic, expounding the role of xenophagy in animal viral and bacterial infections.…”