Xenograft and organoid model systems in cancer research

Abstract

Patient‐derived tumour xenografts and tumour organoids have become important preclinical model systems for cancer research. Both models maintain key features from their parental tumours, such as genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which allows them to be used for a wide spectrum of applications. In contrast to patient‐derived xenografts, organoids can be established and expanded with high efficiency from primary patient material. On the other hand, xenografts retain tumour–stroma interactions, which are known to contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in patient‐derived tumour xenograft and tumour organoid model systems and compare their promises and challenges as preclinical models in cancer research.

In vivoinducible reverse genetics in patients’ tumors to identify individual therapeutic targets

“…As limitation, functional studies have largely been restricted to cancer cell lines, which often fall short in predicting the role of alterations in individual human tumors (7). To approximate the situation of the patient, the predictive power of primary tumor cell cultures (8) and organoids (9) is currently under intense investigation (10). For mirroring the clinical situation even closer, patient derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models have been demonstrated to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of tumors in humans.…”

Molecular diagnostics in oncology: new trends

“…В общем эффективность получения опухолевых клонов при перевивке животным выше по сравнению с попытками получения клеточных культур. По-видимому, это связано с тем, что живые организмы обеспечивают более благоприятные условия для поддержания жизнеспособности пересаженных клеток [46,48,49]. Опухолевые клеточные линии и ксенографты, как правило, сохраняют драйверные мутации, которые послужили причиной злокачественной трансформации.…”

Search for drug discovery targets focusing on cancer stroma

“…However, it is technically difficult to extract and analyze such interstitial tissue in vitro. In this regard, the development of organoid cultures, in which cells are cultured as a single structure rather than being dispersed and cultured, has attracted considerable attention [9,25,26].…”