Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Chemical Composition of Pistacia chinensis Leaf Essential Oil

Abstract

Gout is a common metabolic disease caused by abnormal purine metabolism that promotes the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals within joints that causes acute arthritis and can seriously affect the daily life of patients. Pistacia chinensis is one of the traditional medicinal plants of the Anacardiaceae family, and there have been many studies on its biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigout effect of P. chinensis leaf essential oil and its constituents through xanthine oxidase inhibition. Leaf essential oil showed good xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity for both substrates, hypoxanthine and xanthine. Six fractions were obtained from open column chromatography, and fraction E1 exhibited the best activity. The constituents of leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of both leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were limonene and 3-carene; limonene showed a higher inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Based on the enzyme kinetic investigation, limonene was the mixed-type inhibitor against xanthine oxidase. The results revealed that Pistacia chinensis leaf essential oil and limonene have the potential to act as natural remedies for the treatment of gout.

Xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of compounds isolated from Gomphrena celosioides

“…Recently, Huang et al 18 . reported the mechanism of XO inhibition of limonene, an isolated compound from Pistacia chinensis .…”

“…Allopurinol or limonene may bind to free XO with strong affinity, and prevent xanthine substrate binding to XO. 18 Umbellatosides B compound in this work exhibits XO inhibitory, however, the exact mechanism remains unclear and will require further study.…”

“…Recently, Huang et al 18 reported the mechanism of XO inhibition of limonene, an isolated compound from Pistacia chinensis. The results indicated that XO inhibition of limonene was a competitive model to inhibit the production of uric acid, similar to allopurinol.…”

Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors

“…Then, it was manifested in the docking simulation that verbascoside could introduce itself into the functional center of XO and make H‐bonding with amino acid residues like Lys‐1045, Arg‐880, Arg‐912, Glu‐1261, and Gln‐1194 (Wan et al, 2016). Huang et al (2022) evaluated the XO inhibitory effect of Pistacia chinensis leaf essential oil and its constituents. The leaf essential oil manifested potent inhibition against XO on both substrates, hypoxanthine, and xanthine with the IC 50 value of 43.52 and 55.40 μg/mL, respectively.…”

“…Among the fractions, fraction E1 exhibited the most potent XO inhibitory activity on hypoxanthine and xanthine with the IC 50 value of 40.55 and 51.84 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, a notable constituent of fraction E1, Limonene showed potential inhibition against XO with an IC 50 value of 37.69 μg/mL (hypoxanthine as substrate) and 48.04 μg/mL (xanthine as substrate) (Huang et al, 2022). Loh et al (2022) characterized XO inhibitors from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium via metabolic approaches.…”