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Binding Sn-based nanoparticles on graphene as the anode of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

“…In addition, the initial capacity loss is about 56.6%, 43.2%, 47.7%, and 48.3% for the SnO 2 /C/G-250, SnO x /C/G-550, Sn/C/G-750, and Sn/C/ G-900, respectively. It should be noted that the drastic degradation of initial capacity was also reported in previous studies, 36,37 which can be ascribed to the irreversibility resulting from formation of the SEI layer, the electrode pulverization, irreversible SnO 2 reduction (for SnO 2 /C/G-250 and SnO x /C/G-550), the defect structure on the carbon film or graphene. The discharge capacity gradually decreased in the subsequent cycling.…”

“…Such a result was also reported in previous Sn-based anode materials and can be attributed to the irreversible reaction and the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. 36,37 In particular, the Sn/C/G-550 displays a minimum change compared with the other three samples, suggesting the least capacity loss in the initial two cycles. The lithium storage capacity and cyclability were further examined by using the galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling method at a current density of 200 mA g À1 .…”

Cu–Sn Core–Shell Nanowire Arrays as Three-Dimensional Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Among them, SnO 2 is the most widely studied anode material. However, the high initial irreversibility related to the formation of Li 2 O in the first cycle limits its practical application . In the past years, tin-based intermetallic compounds, such as Sn x M y (M = inactive metal), have attracted great attention because these materials exhibited longer cycle ability.…”

Synthesis and electrochemical performances of amorphous carbon-coated Sn–Sb particles as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

“…The cycling performance of nanosized metal particles can be improved by composite of the metal and carbon, where the carbon acts as a barrier to prevent the aggregation between the metal particles, and provides a void space where the metal particles experience a volume change [11][12][13][14]. Several alloy and composite material such as ''alloy-coated carbon'' [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], ''carboncoated alloy'' [13,[24][25][26][27][28] have been utilized to solve the above intractable problem for the metal-based materials. For instance, Li et al [17] reported that dispersing nanosized SnSb alloy on the surface of hard carbon spherules (HCS) is an effective way to enhance the dimensional stability of nano-alloy particles during Li insertion and extraction.…”