2017
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00569-y
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X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy of frozen-hydrated cells using continuous scanning

Abstract: X-ray microscopy can be used to image whole, unsectioned cells in their native hydrated state. It complements the higher resolution of electron microscopy for submicrometer thick specimens, and the molecule-specific imaging capabilites of fluorescence light microscopy. We describe here the first use of fast, continuous x-ray scanning of frozen hydrated cells for simultaneous sub-20 nm resolution ptychographic transmission imaging with high contrast, and sub-100 nm resolution deconvolved x-ray fluorescence imag… Show more

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Cited by 97 publications
(67 citation statements)
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“…The attraction of this technique comes from its capability of recovering both the complex-valued probe and object functions, a blind deconvolution, as well as its ability of breaking the resolution barrier set by the focusing optics. It gains increasing popularity in recent years for its robustness in practice and was used successfully for many imaging applications in different fields [4][5][6][7][8][9]. The major challenge of this technique resides in the fact that the mathematical problem is non-convex and ill posed.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The attraction of this technique comes from its capability of recovering both the complex-valued probe and object functions, a blind deconvolution, as well as its ability of breaking the resolution barrier set by the focusing optics. It gains increasing popularity in recent years for its robustness in practice and was used successfully for many imaging applications in different fields [4][5][6][7][8][9]. The major challenge of this technique resides in the fact that the mathematical problem is non-convex and ill posed.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Images of 5-μm-thick cryogenically cooled cells were obtained by water-window absorption-based imaging at about 30 nm resolution [2,4] at about 1 GGy dose. Cryogenically cooled cells of 18 μm thickness were imaged by ptychography at 6.2 keV photon energy, achieving 180-nm resolution at 670 kGy [21], and a 5-μm-wide alga cell was imaged in a similar fashion at 5.2 keV photon energy to achieve 18-nm resolution at 29 MGy [22]. (In the latter case, high-resolution fluorescence maps were obtained simultaneously.)…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In x-ray ptychography experiments, this estimate has been found to agree within 20% of what is required for imaging integrated circuit features [14] and frozen hydrated biological specimens [56] using iterative phase retrieval algorithms. This indicates that the algorithms themselves can be robust to noise, and work at the limit of the minimally required photon exposure.…”
Section: Demonstrationmentioning
confidence: 93%