X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of wood degradation in old architecture

Abstract

To investigate the decay mechanisms of red oak (Quercus rubra) and hemor (Schima spp.) woods in the old architectural structure of Xichuan Guild Hall, chemical composition changes were determined and analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that decaying resulted in a noticeable decrease of the O/C from 0.59 to 0.42 in the red oak wooden components. The increase of C1 contribution, decrease of C4 contribution, increase of O1 and O3 contributions, and decrease of O2 contribution indicated that the carbohydrates in red oak wooden components can be easily degraded by fungi compared with lignin. Moreover, decaying resulted in a slight decrease of the O/C from 0.49 to 0.47 in the hemor wooden components. The results of increase of C1 contribution, decrease of C3 and C4 contributions, increase of O1, and decrease of O2 and O3 contributions indicated that carbohydrate and lignin were all degraded by fungi.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite NaY Dispersed on Bamboo Wood

“…The results are consistent with the Na 1s spectra (Figure 5c) containing a peak of about 1072 eV, corresponding to the R-COO-Na complex, which, together with Na, displays interaction with the zeolite framework oxygen (1073 eV) [38,39]. Figure S6 shows the O 1s spectra, which display two oxygen species separately from 529.0 to 536.5 eV in the wood [33,34] and from 529.0 to 537.0 eV in the zeolite [40]. However, the overlap makes evaluating each oxygen species in the composites difficult.…”

“…C 1s spectra and their relative peak-fitted area of RW and RWZ are shown in Figure 5b and Table 2. The C 1s spectra are deconvoluted into four peaks corresponding to C1 (C-C/C=C) , C2 (H-C-O) , C3 (H-C=O/O-C-O) , and C4 (O=C-O) [33]. The oxygenated carbon (C2, C3, and C4) species in RWZ are increased, suggesting that the wood components are oxidized during wood-zeolite synthesis.…”

Study on the Characterization of Physical, Mechanical, and Mildew Resistance Properties of Enzymatically Treated Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

“…The C2 and C3 component are mainly made from cellulose and hemicellulose. The C4 component is associated with carbon atoms that are bonded to one carbonyl oxygen atom and one non-carbonyl oxygen atom (i.e., O-C=O) and mainly come from hemicellulose and extracts [38,39]. The peak positions and relative content of the various chemical states of the carbon in the bamboo fibers both before and after enzymatic treatments are presented in Table 7.…”

Material deterioration detection of wooden columns at the Nanyang Fuya Museum using a combination of macroscopic visual inspection and moisture content testing,

“…After over 700 years, wooden components, particularly the load-bearing columns of Nanyang Fuya ancient buildings, have been or are undergoing various degrees of decay owing to physical and chemical actions, man-made destruction, and microbial invasion. Decay caused by fungi inevitably led to changes in wooden components' anatomical structure (Bhatt et al 2016;Bari et al 2019;Diandari et al 2020;Yang et al 2022Yang et al , 2021a, degradation of chemical compositions (Tomak et al 2013;Bari et al 2015;Tamburini et al 2017;Cavallaro et al 2017;Sun et al 2020;Yang et al 2020Yang et al , 2021b, and reduction of physical and mechanical properties (Gu, 2016;Ueda et al 2020). Given the increase of material deterioration, the overall health and life of ancient buildings would inevitably be affected.…”